Administration Of Contracts In Business Law. [Author Name(S),

Administration of Contracts in Business Law [Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] Author Note Abstract Two parties may decide to form an agreement in concern for their business. And for that reason, each of them will leave saying that they have a deal. However, the law differentiates between enforceable agreements from mere promises. When parties present themselves to the court alleging that one of them refused to perform according to their agreements, the court looks at their promises and check whether all the elements of agreement exist. If they exist, then the court will enforce such agreement. Keywords: Enforceability, Offer, Acceptance, Consideration†¦show more content†¦This case involved elderly relatives convincing a young couple to dispose their house and relocate with them. The elderly relatives promised them that they would give the young couple a share in their house in return. However, their relationship fell out, and the elderly couple dismissed the young couple. When the matter went to the court, the court rebutted the presumption given to the domestic agreeme nts and held that the agreement was enforceable. Similarly, in the case of (Merritt v Merritt, 1970) the court rebutted the presumption both the husband and wife in had no intention to form a legal relationship in their agreement. So like this case, Brett should not assume that the court will be blinded by the fact that he was contracting with his uncle. The court will look at the subject matter of the agreement which is the ‘sale of a car. Question (b): Acceptance by Conduct The law of contract dismisses any thought that the acceptance can occur by the silence from the offeree. On the other side, it also explains to what extent a silence can indicate a sign of acceptance. However, it s not a silence as such. It s a situation where the offeree s conduct demonstrates an acceptance of an offer. For instance, in (Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway Co, 1877), the court held that the plaintiff accepted the offer the moment he made the amendments and sent the draft to the defendant. Also, the court traced a signShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Evolution Of Personal Management1374 Words   |  6 Pagesmanner the elements of individual administration were required. Staff office was made to address the pay related issues and some other contrasts between the union and the administration. In addition, Work force chief was tasked with the obligations of work debate with administration, confirming representative wellbeing and security necessities alongside worker participat ion. Scientific management : Toward the end nineteenth century, a science for every component of a man s work was created. 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Li in Confucianism Essay - 1109 Words

Li in Confucianism Analects is a book of collected sayings of Confucius (Kong Zi, 551-479 B.C.). It is one of the most important texts of Confucianism. This classical text has been translated by a lot of Western people, and remains a hot topic in Chinese Studies (or Sinology). Herbert Fingarettes book Confucius -- the Secular as Sacred focuses on Li, one of the core concepts about human nature, comportment and relationships in Confucianism. As a professional philosopher, the author is interested in philosophical interpretation of Analects. Actually, he has given the first such reading of Confucianism in the West. That is, he has touched upon subjects in Confucianism that a philosopher in the West will pay attention to. In†¦show more content†¦Confuciuss disciple and the following Confucians and Confucianists have made contributions by editing, commentating, and developing the teaching. However, the many schools of Confucianism all base their theories on Analects, and look upon the book as their common scripture. As a philosophy, Confucianism explicates how to make the many dimensions of mans existence more reasonable. What Confucius was mainly concerned with is how to revive and maintain an ideal society. He felt a sympathetic understanding for the traditional institutions, rituals, music, and literature of the early Zhou Dynasty, and tried to rationalize and justify them in ethical terms. Confucius lived in a time of upheavals. He believed that only by restoring the Zhou Li (rituals) could an ideal human society be achieved. On the one hand, the unnamed Zhou religion constitutes part of Li -- holy ritual and sacred ceremony. Confucius interpreted the religious rituals of the Zhou Dynasty not as sacrifices asking for the blessings of the gods, but as ceremonies performed by human agents and manifesting the civilized and cultured patterns of behavior developed through generations of human wisdom. Li embodied, for him, the ethical core of Chinese society. On the other hand, Confucius app lied the term ritual to actions beyond the formal sacrifices and religious ceremonies to include social rituals:Show MoreRelatedThe Night Watches Of The Buddha1747 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 3 Compare, contrast and exemplify the role of Chi in Daoism and Confucianism thought This research will compare, contrast and exemplify the role of Chi in Daoism and Confucianism thought. Firstly, this research compares these two religion’s basic practice and to see both belief and practice. Then this research examines how both religions interpret the role of Chi and Confucianism thought. 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Local Policy Paper Free Essays

Introduction The criminal justice system of Texas (U.S.A) covers both criminal justice and civil justice, consist of law enforcement, law adjudication (the court system), and criminal corrections. We will write a custom essay sample on Local Policy Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Law enforcers includes; attorneys, sheriff and police departments, and the state Department of Public Safety. Whilst, criminal corrections includes; prisons, pardons, and paroles. Additionally, the criminal justice in Texas involves Office of the Attorney General (OAG). The Office of the Attorney General is the state’s top lawyer and law enforcer, which is elected by the citizens of Texas. The prime responsibility of the Office of the Attorney General includes; defending the laws and constitution of the state, represent the state in lawsuit / court cases, and commend on bond issues. In addition, the responsibilities of the Office of the Attorney General includes; â€Å"heading of state agencies and other state officials and agencies, defending against challenges to state laws and suits against both state agencies and individual employees of the state, issuing legal opinions when requested by the Governor, and serving as legal counsel to all boards and agencies of state government†. The Antitrust and Civil Medicaid Fraud Division and Consumer Protection Division investigate in violations of state and federal antitrust statues, and consumer fraud and civil lawsuits. Both    bureaus of the state are responsible in prosecuting such cases. Types of Law The justice system of Texas are divided into; Civil law, Criminal law and Administrative law. The civil law covers ant disputes between; individuals and / corporations in the state. Criminal law encompasses crimes committed against the state, and any violations under the laws of the state. Administrative laws include laws set and enforces by the government other than the legislative body of the state. For example, the state sets curfew among minors and imposes fines to violators. To be able to put on trial the alleged citizen, the government of the state does have local courts, district (law) firms, lawyers, forensic laboratories, police and jails. Criminal Justice System In general, most citizens wanted to punished criminals harshly, treat them as they wouldn’t create any crime in the future. In most of the states, the justice system provides a moral trade-off between public safety and the protection of the rights of the criminals. Texas criminal justice system prefers immediate and strict punishment for the citizens violating the laws of the state. The criminal justice system in Texas has three components; law enforcement and criminal prosecution, criminal trial and appeals, corrections. Each component of the criminal justice system of Texas comprises hundreds of employees. The Department of Public Safety as part of the criminal justice system of the state patrols roadways and other facilities of the state. The court system of Texas follows a hierarchy, in which, local courts are decentralized among municipalities of Texas. The Supreme Court of Texas functions to regulate policies and laws among local courts. Unlike in other countries, the states in America do have each supreme courts and the county (state) are considered autonomous / taken apart from the country’s policies and laws. Each of the components of the criminal justice of the state does function separately, with its own structure and implementation of its duties. Even though the criminal justice system of the state set standards on how the crimes will be investigated and prosecuted, this varies among localities / municipalities in the state. On the other hand, the criminal justice system in Texas performs strict policies despite its decentralization of the system. Most of the criminals are prosecuted and put up into jail (Brauchli, 2005). Sentencing and Penalties Sentencing among criminals is based on the graded penalties which specify the degree of penalties to be imposed with regards to the degree of crime the accused done. The degree of crime is differentiated between misdemeanor and felonies. Misdemeanors are crimes with lower degree of punishment compare to felonies. Misdemeanor does involve petty crimes such as, minor drug possessions, generally crimes without involvement in injuring a person / citizen of the state. On the other hand, felonies are more serious crimes than misdemeanors. This includes; theft, homicide, and damages of state’s property. Both cases are prosecuted in district courts, severe crimes are prosecuted at the Supreme Court of Texas (The Justice System, 2006). Misdemeanor are considered minor crimes with minor punishments (graded in classes) while felonies are penalized by degrees. Upon committing felonial crime, the criminals are convicted to death. Repeat offenders; involve assigning higher degree of felony. The criminal in return, may be convicted to a higher degree of punishment and in worst scenario, amputation of human rights of the accused. Implications of Policies to Criminal Justice System of Texas The society set standards to what their state would behave and the policies to be implemented. The policies and laws imposed to provide the criminal justice system of the state a guide on how the system will investigate and prosecute crimes, accused the criminals, and punish them accordingly to the degree of the crime they committed. The criminal justice of the state is transparent, meaning that the system works to defend the constitution, protect the citizens of Texas against criminals, and provide the citizens policies in order to maintain peace in the state. The criminal justice system of the state is not being harsh and cruel to its citizens; the system only maintains upright decisions on which the citizens can expect fair treatment among any individuals. Weak implementation of policies and laws confers unfair justice, abuse of public property and upheaval. Wherever the citizens vote for the Sheriff and / or the Attorney General, the state shows the importance of democracy in Texas. The fast punishment to criminals made the justice system of the state respectable and fair. Criminals are subjected to prisonment if the court found the accused guilty. In short terms, the policies and laws are applied and not misused. On other hand, the criminal justice system of the state creates a back lag because of many positions allotted in the system. The system creates inefficiency in terms of uses of public funds, and ineffectivity in running the office (Texas, 2006). How to cite Local Policy Paper, Essay examples

Chronic Heart Failure Case Study Review Concern Patient Giovanni

Question: Discuss about the Chronic Heart Failure. Answer: Introduction The case study review concerns patient Giovanni aged 72 years diagnosed with chronic heart failure. The patient was admitted at the emergency section with symptoms, of shortness of breath, sensation and suffocation. He has experienced breathlessness in the recent days and has developed oedema in the feet. Further assessment of the patient reveals that he has been smoking and unable to change his diet with no success. His vital signs indicate that his temperature is below the normal range , it was indicating 36.9oc, his heart beat rate is 115/minutes, the ECG are normal and his blood pressure is 118/60. His respiratory rate is 26 /minutes. The parent upon physical assessments has developed auscultation and the cardiothoracic ratio is also enlarged, this case presentation is a classical acute heart failure. Thenursing problem under this review will be to decrease the cardiac output under which the following two interventions will be initiated; monitoring and assessing abnormal heart an d lung sounds and assessing the patients skin temperature and peripheral pulses and the secondnursing issue is to manage oedema of the foot with key interventions being management of anxiety and depression management and management of fluid intake. Cardiac output The patient has a history of chronic heart failure and has been brought at the emergency centre. His prior history of medication is that he is smoker. Assesment of patient vital information reveals elevated blood pressure coupled with increased heart beat rate and respiration rates at 26 respirations per minute, which the recommended are below 20. His blood pressure is relatively elevated at the systolic measurements being 118 while diastolic readings are 60. It is essential in that it determines the effectiveness of the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body effectively. Elevated cardiac activity have shown to increase the incidence of stroke, it makes the heart to pump more blood to fill the left ventricle before being pump out. It is evident in the case study in that there increased respiration rate due to the action of the heart beating faster than normal. Abnormal heart and lung sounds The rationale behind this intervention is that it allows for the detection of heart failure on the left side of the heart which often occur at episodes of chronic heart failure due elevated accumulation of blood due to poor excretion process of the kidney. This intervention will be administered independently with the appropriate tools for measuring the vitals such as respiration rate and sounds of the heart. The theory behind this intervention is that it is defined by the amount of blood pumped by the heart, thus it is the product of the heart rate, number of beats per second with stroke volume of the heart. Abnormal heart and lung sounds refer to assessments of lung pathology and the heart in measuring the auscultation, which is an important clinical tool in assessing heart failure conditions, (Chen et al., 2015). Chest auscultation is performed using a stethoscope placed on the chest, placing it on the chest of the patient while heart sounds are assessed using stethoscope being pla ced on the diaphragm, sound recognition is heard when high pitch sounds are heard. Normal heart rate should be between 60-100 beats per minute in regular rhythm flow, (Gallie et al., 2015). These interventions are suitable in determining the heart beat flow and function ability. The vital signs displayed by the patient thus are relevant in assessing the abnormal heart sounds and chest for evidence of cardiac output fluids. The advantage of this intervention is that onsets of gallop rhythm of the lungs if present can be an early warning of heart failure in the acute phase. Any presence of pulmonary oedema can signify presence of inspiration and occurrence of dyspnoea to the patient. The risk assessments are important in assessing the disease stage and progress. In most of the scenarios fluttering feelings in the chest are dangerous and hence the need for immediate treatment, hence there is need of identification of irregular heartbeats and the natural ways of managing the arrhythmias is. Irregular heartbeats are normally harmless but reoccurrence for long duration of episodes leads to development of symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, fainting, and shortness of breath as typical in this case study, chest pain and cardiac arrest occurrence, (Liu et al., 2016). Hence assessment of the functioning of the heart and chest is a remedy for various associated complications which must be minimised at any medica l costs, to avoid damage especially for older patients like Giovanne. Irregular beating of the heart can refer to faster rate of the heart or slower rates with or without presence of irregular rhythm. It often occurs as fluttering. the irregular heart beats are the cause of arrhythmia. The most significant type of these is the a trial fibrillation which happens due to the regular heart beat of the upper chambers is irregular and it limits blood flow. Premature heart beats have the main cause of the collapse and deaths in many incidences of heart failure, according to American Heart Association, (AHA, 2017). An associative risk on abnormal sounds and heart beats is the use of tobacco. Research has shown it is the single top most modifiable factor for heart related diseases an delay a significant role on irregular occurrence of heart beats, (D'alessandro et al., 2012). Heart and chest intervention measures are thus necessary, for managing heart failure, especially in presence of modif iable factor like smoking as evident form the case study patient. Assessing the patients skin temperature and peripheral pulses Assessing the patients skin temperature and peripheral pulses involves the inquest into the peripheral vascular path for isolation of clinical characteristics of pulse for ascertaining arterial bruits and inflammations cause associated with secondary vein thrombosis. This intervention is independent intervention which involves health care practitioner to administer. Elevated pulse rate can be an indicative of complication associated with the heart. Premature beats are evident observation of irregular pulse rates. Absence of pulse rate in the body parts can be an indicative measure of compromised blood flow to the heart due to the congestive heart failure. Assessments of pulse rates and temperature key factors should be considered which are he intensity of the beats, rate, rhythm and tenderness presence in the site of assessment. Patient is thus recommended to be examined in the room so that both pulses of the patient can be observed. Palpations can be conducted using the finger tips and grading done on the sale, (Ranganathan et al., 2015). Despite the patient vital signs showing the elevated pulse rates, continuous monitoring enables tracking down of the management for the patient for effective care. Care is involved in the assessment of the patient status of the measuring the pulsations, at times confusion arises when unable to distinguish own pulses and the patients pulses, thus there should be no use of the thumb as its usage increases the like hood of false readings. Bruits can be further assessed further using auscultation in the arteries. Usage of stethoscope and diaphragm is important in taking these measurements. In other cases the poor pulses readings is risk factor of impaired blood flow, which can be caused by congenital disorders, (Selvaraj et al., 2016). The decline of perfusion and oxygen supply in the tissue levels associated to anaemia can lead to decline in the temperature and pulses in the peripheral region and can pose danger during the palpations, (Wray, Amann Richardson, 2016). The clinical importance for taking pulses and temperature measurements for the patient is meant to detect for presence of diseases, in this case the patent is experiencing acute heart failure thus the reasons for the elevated readings of pulses and respirations arteries. Evaluation Thenursing interventions will assist the patient to reduce the overall work load exposed to the heart, it is expected that the hemodynamic stability of the patient would have normalized and reduction in the pulse rates of the patient. The pulse rate should have fall below the normal range and the temperature stabilized to. Often patients with heart failure disease, experience shortness of breath and pulsations, under medical managements the signs and symptoms would have normalise and keen observation on managing any symptoms that might proof dangerous to the patient. The overall achievement of the intervention is the reduction of cardiac output which releases heavy burden on the state of the patient, (Mark, 2013).Thus cardiac output is relevant in managing hypertension for chronic disease diagnosis so as to reduce the blood fluid over load in the blood vessels and hence reduce the elevated pressure in the body. Nursing issue is to manage oedema The theoretical result of the oedema is the disproportionate balance between the body ability to filter substance in the capillary and intestinal spaces, (Trayes et al., 2013). The function of the kidneys is the regulation of extracellular fluid though adjustments to the sodium and water level in the body. Causative factors for oedema include obstruction of the venous, increasing the capillary action. Major treatment regime involves restriction of sodium, diuretic use and the treatment of underlying disorder which is congestive disorder in this case, (Yancy et al., 2013). The patient in this case is exacerbation oedema of the feet signifying fluid retention due to fluid overload in the blood system. In congestive heart failure the decline in the functionality of the heart affects the normal ability of the kidney to perform its function thus occurrence of the oedema, (Verbrugge et al., 2014). Reduction of fluid levels in the body The goal of management of is to reduce and minimize fluid intake in the body. Reduction of the fluid intake by the patient is a collaborative intervention which must be initiating by thenursing care and the patient. The theory underlying fluid intake correlates with the kidneys ability to remove water in the body and to manage fluid balance. The patient fluid intake will be limited till the normal organ function is resolved. Anti diuretic use has been implemented to oedema in patients as observed in the case study, application of anti diuretic use for the patient is beneficial,(Mebazaa et al., 2016). Oedema thus occurs due to imbalance of the fluid controlling forces and the various interplay of hemodynamic in the patient, (Packer et al., 2013). For effective assessment of the patient and practice of effective treatment, management of oedema is important in reducing the diseases over load. Peripheral congestion of congestive heart failure develops over long duration of time and patients often exhibit excess accumulation of water in the body, (Campbell et al., 2014). The patient in the case study was admitted with oedema of the feet, which caused immobility thus signifying its prior development. Heart failure is associated with renal perfusion falls, which leads to production of aldosterone and elevated sodium levels thus initiating water retention in the legs, (Miles Griffiths, 2014). Risk associated with the oedema is complicate management and excess accumulation of water retain in the body which leads to worsening of the patient condition. Controlling anxiety and depression Excitement and anxiety is often seen in patients with heart failure. It is a serious condition characterised by feeling of fatigued and worn out, (Hwang, Moser, Dracup, 2014). It is further worsened by breathlessness which the body anxious and vulnerable. Observed symptoms may include prevention of normal actives for the patient like talking and even being jovial. It can be observed with the patient, in that the fear of dying and pain causes depression, (Hare, Toukhsati, Johansson, Jaarsma, 2013). Advising the patient to have a positive attitude for better management of conditions is essential for improving the patient condition status. Concerning the age of the patient will be key in managing the psychological status of the patient and enabling recovery. The disadvantage of depression is that it reduces the quality of life, (Huffman et al., 2014) when depression persists for so long then treatment can be sought as it could signal other underlying condition in the body, (Carney Freedland, 2016). Risks associated with depression are that it can lead to high blood pressure, increased platelet activity and increases probability of heart attacks. In heart failure, it can be fatal to cause mortality. Hence nursing intervention for the patient should be geared eliminating stress related mood despite the age state. This intervention id beneficial to the patient as he is at risks as stress and depression at this age states could be fatal. Evaluation of the care plan With the patient current state, experiencing oedema of the foot, their is need for effective fluid balance for the patients. Fluid intake should be managed effectively and monitored closely. The auscultation the lung is aimed at ensuring the lung pathway is clear. For the patient daily monitoring of the weight will be a key indicator for the reduction and retention of fluid in the body. Measuring of daily output of fluid by the patient will be used as a measure in evaluation the effectiveness of the intervention adoption low salt diets will be definitive measure. Patient relaxed state is key to managing effectively the depression and anxiety state of the patient. Maintenance of fluid balance will be key evaluator outcome and the patient become less anxious of his state as suggested by Yancy et al.,(2013) in guidelines for management of heart failure. He fluid management if carefully managed is able to prevent further complication such as acute kidney failure, (Prowle et al., 2014). Conclusion The patient under review is experiencing acute chronic failure with exonerating symptoms like shortness of breath and hypothermal and increased respiratory rates which must be managed medically. This management hence is dependent on several key factors such as symptoms measure, illness presences, medical history and other factors which have been highlighted. In care management, the key issue is to manage the associated factors; in this case we identified two nursing issues for reviews which include decrease the cardiac output manage oedema. The nursing strategy is thus to promote restorative health and manage the patient symptoms using evidence based centred care, (Paul Hice, 2014). The benefits to the patient will be summed up as improved patient status and better diagnosis of the disease. References Campbell, R. T., McKean, A. R., McMurray, J. J. (2014). Acute heart failure: have we got it all wrong?. European journal of heart failure, 16(12), 1263-1267. Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E. (2016). Depression and coronary heart disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology. Chen, C. H., Huang, W. T., Tan, T. H., Chang, C. C., Chang, Y. J. (2015). Using K-nearest neighbor classification to diagnose abnormal lung sounds. Sensors, 15(6), 13132-13158. D'alessandro, A., Boeckelmann, I., Hammwhner, M., Goette, A. (2012). Nicotine, cigarette smoking and cardiac arrhythmia: an overview. European journal of preventive cardiology, 19(3), 297-305. Gali, N., Humbert, M., Vachiery, J. L., Gibbs, S., Lang, I., Torbicki, A., ... Ghofrani, A. (2015). 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. European heart journal, ehv317. Heart Failure - American Heart Association , (2017) . accesed on 13/05/2017. Http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/.../HeartFailure/Heart-Failure_UCM_002019_SubHome Huffman, J. C., Mastromauro, C. A., Beach, S. R., Celano, C. M., DuBois, C. M., Healy, B. C., ... Januzzi, J. L. (2014). Collaborative care for depression and anxiety disorders in patients with recent cardiac events: the Management of Sadness and Anxiety in Cardiology (MOSAIC) randomized clinical trial. JAMA internal medicine, 174(6), 927-935. Hwang, B., Moser, D. K., Dracup, K. (2014). Knowledge is insufficient for self-care among heart failure patients with psychological distress. Health Psychology, 33(7), 588. Liu, C., Springer, D., Li, Q., Moody, B., Juan, R. A., Chorro, F. J., ... Syed, Z. (2016). An open access database for the evaluation of heart sound algorithms. Physiological Measurement, 37(12), 2181. Marik, P. E. (2013). Noninvasive cardiac output monitors: a state-of the-art review. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 27(1), 121-134. Mebazaa, A., Tolppanen, H., Mueller, C., Lassus, J., DiSomma, S., Baksyte, G., ... Masip, J. (2016). Acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock: a multidisciplinary practical guidance. Intensive care medicine, 42(2), 147-163. Miles, Kenneth A., and M. R. Griffiths. "Perfusion CT: a worthwhile enhancement?." The British journal of radiology (2014). Packer, M., Carson, P., Elkayam, U., Konstam, M. A., Moe, G., O'Connor, C., ... PRAISE-2 Study Group. (2013). Effect of amlodipine on the survival of patients with severe chronic heart failure due to a nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the PRAISE-2 study (prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation 2). JACC: Heart Failure, 1(4), 308-314 Paul, S., Hice, A. (2014). Role of the Acute Care Nurse in Managing Patients With Heart Failure Using Evidence-Based Care. Critical care nursing quarterly, 37(4), 357-376. Prowle, J. R., Kirwan, C. J., Bellomo, R. (2014). Fluid management for the prevention and attenuation of acute kidney injury. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 10(1), 37-47. Ranganathan, N., Sivaciyan, V., Saksena, F. B. (2015). The art and science of cardiac physical examination. JP Medical Ltd. Selvaraj, S., Steg, P. G., Elbez, Y., Sorbets, E., Feldman, L. J., Eagle, K. A., ... REACH Registry Investigators. (2016). Pulse pressure and risk for cardiovascular events in patients with atherothrombosis: from the REACH registry. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 67(4), 392-403. Trayes, K. P., Studdiford, J. S., Pickle, S., Tully, A. S. (2013). Edema: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician, 88(2), 102-110. Verbrugge, F. H., Dupont, M., Steels, P., Grieten, L., Swennen, Q., Tang, W. H., Mullens, W. (2014). The kidney in congestive heart failure:are natriuresis, sodium, and diuretics really the good, the bad and the ugly?. European journal of heart failure, 16(2), 133-142. Wray, D. W., Amann, M., Richardson, R. S. (2016). Peripheral vascular function, oxygen delivery and utilization: the impact of oxidative stress in aging and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Heart Failure Reviews, 1-18. Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey, D. E., Drazner, M. H., ... Johnson, M. R. (2013). 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure. Circulation, CIR-0b013e31829e8776.

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Marketing Strategies and Marketing Management Styles

Marketing Strategies and Marketing Management Styles INTRODUCTION: MEANING OF MARKETING AND MARAKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing as a business function will change with the movement of products and service from the producer to the user. Ability to sell at a profit is the critical test. The marketing system that delivers out high standards of living consists of many large and small companies seeking success. Many factors contribute to making a company successful great strategy, dedicated employees, good information system and excellent implementation. Many peoples minds are stereotyped fixed that large companies operating in highly developed economies use marketing involves with inside outside the Organization Swat Analysis. Any large small scale organization can build in. MARKETING: Marketing has often been described as the as of selling products. But people are surprised when they hear that the most important part of marketing is not selling! Selling is only the tip of the marketing iceberg. Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others. It is an integrated process through which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value fro customers in return. Marketing is used to create the customer, to keep the customer and to satisfy the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. The evolution of marketing was caused due to mature markets and overcapacities in the last decades. Companies then shifted the focus from production more to the customer in order to stay profitable. The term marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions.[It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing promotion, and distribution on ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. Marketing management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firms marketing resources and activities. Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand accepted definition of the term. In part, this is because the role of a marketing manager can vary significantly based on a business size, corporate culture, and industry context. For example, in a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product. From this prospect it consists of 5 steps, beginning with the market environment research. After fixing the targets and setting the strategies, they will be realized by the marketing mix in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. Marketing management design effective, cost-efficient implementation programs, firms must possess a detailed, objective understanding of their own business and the market in which they operate. In analyzing these issues, the discipline of marketing management often overlaps with the related discipline of strategic planning. Definitions: Market: A market consists of all the potential customers sharing a particular need or want to might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want. Marketing: The term Marketing has been defined in various ways by different marketing management experts. These definitions can be group in two major categories namely classical or old definitions and modern definitions. Marketing is the performance of business activities that directs the flow of goods and services from produces to consumers or users. AMERICAN MARKETING ASSOCIATION Marketing is social and managerial process by which individuals and group obtain what they need and what through creating, offering and exchanging the products of value with orders. Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions, whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new Approaches Marketing Management Marketing management is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideal goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. What is marketing channel and its work:- Most producers do not sell their products directly to the final users between them stands a set of intermediaries performing a variety of functions. These intermediaries constitute a marketing channel (also called a Trade channel and Distribution channel). Marketing channel are sets interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Marketing channel decisions are among the most critical decisions. The companys prices depend on whether it uses mass merchandisers or high quality boutiques. The firms sales force and advertising decisions dependent on how much training and motivation dealers need. Marketing. Several definitions have been proposed for the term marketing. Each tends to emphasize different issues. Memorizing a definition is unlikely to be useful; ultimately, it makes more sense to thinking of ways to benefit from creating customer value in the most effective way, subject to ethical and other constraints that one may have. The 2006 and 2007 definitions offered by the American Marketing Association are relatively similar, with the 2007 appearing a bit more concise. Note that the definitions make several points: A main objective of marketing is to create customer value. Marketing usually involves an exchange between buyers and sellers or between other parties. Marketing has an impact on the firm, its suppliers, its customers, and others affected by the firms choices. Marketing frequently involves enduring relationships between buyers, sellers, and other parties. Processes involved include creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings. Delivering customer value: The central idea behind marketing is the idea that a firm or other entity will create something of value to one or more customers who, in turn, are willing to pay enough (or contribute other forms of value) to make the venture worthwhile considering opportunity costs. Value can be created in a number of different ways. Some firms manufacture basic products (e.g., bricks) but provide relatively little value above that. Other firms make products whose tangible value is supplemented by services (e.g., a computer manufacturer provides a computer loaded with software and provides a warranty, technical support, and software updates). It is not necessary for a firm to physically handle a product to add value-e.g., online airline reservation systems add value by compiling information about available flight connections and fares, allowing the customer to buy a ticket, forwarding billing information to the airline, and forwarding reservation information to the customer. It should be noted that value must be examined from the point of view of the customer. Some customer segments value certain product attributes more than others. A very expensive product-relative to others in the category-may, in fact, represent great value to a particular customer segment because the benefits received are seen as even greater than the sacrifice made (usually in terms of money). Some segments have very unique and specific desires, and may value what-to some individuals-may seem a lower quality item-very highly. Some forms of customer value. The marketing process involves ways that value can be created for the customer. Form utility involves the idea that the product is made available to the consumer in some form that is more useful than any commodities that are used to create it. A customer buys a chair, for example, rather than the wood and other components used to create the chair. Thus, the customer benefits from the specialization that allows the manufacturer to more efficiently create a chair than the customer could do him or herself. Place utility refers to the idea that a product made available to the customer at a preferred location is worth more than one at the place of manufacture. It is much more convenient for the customer to be able to buy food items in a supermarket in his or her neighborhood than it is to pick up these from the farmer. Time utility involves the idea of having the product made available when needed by the customer. The customer may buy a turkey a few days before Thanksgiving without having to plan to have it available. Intermediaries take care of the logistics to have the turkeys-which are easily perishable and bulky to store in a freezer-available when customers demand them. Possession utility involves the idea that the consumer can go to one store and obtain a large assortment of goods from different manufacturers during one shopping occasion. Supermarkets combine food and other household items from a number of different suppliers in one place. Certain superstores such as the European hypermarkets and the Wal-Mart super centers combine even more items into one setting. Marketing Strategy: Once the company has obtained an adequate understanding of the customer base and its own competitive position in the industry, marketing managers are able to make key strategic decisions and develop a marketing strategy designed to maximize the revenues and profits of the firm. The selected strategy may aim for any of a variety of specific objectives, including optimizing short-term unit margins, revenue growth, market share, long-term profitability, or other goals. To achieve the desired objectives, marketers typically identify one or more target customer segments which they intend to pursue. Customer segments are often selected as targets because they score highly on two dimensions: The segment is attractive to serve because it is large, growing, makes frequent purchases, is not price sensitive (i.e. is willing to pay high prices), or other factors; and The company has the resources and capabilities to compete for the segments business, can meet their needs better than the competition, and can do so profitably. In fact, a commonly cited definition of marketing is simply meeting needs profitably. Marketing environment: The term marketing environment relates to all of the factors (whether internal, external, direct or indirect) that affects a firms marketing decision-making or planning and is subject of the marketing research. A firms marketing environment consists of two main areas, which are: Macro environment: On the macro environment a firm holds only little control. It consists of a variety of external factors that manifest on a large (or macro) scale. These are typically economic, social, political or technological phenomena. A common method of assessing a firms macro-environment is via a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Ecological) analysis. Within a PESTLE analysis, a firm would analyze national political issues, culture and climate, key macroeconomic conditions, health and indicators (such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment, etc.), social trends/attitudes, and the nature of technologys impact on its society and the business processes within the society. Micro environment: A firm holds a greater amount (though not necessarily total) control of the micro environment. It comprises factors pertinent to the firm itself, or stakeholders closely connected with the firm or company. A firms micro environment typically spans: Customers/consumers, Employees, Suppliers, The Media. By contrast to the macro environment, an organization holds a greater degree of control over these factors. Elements of the environment: The marketing environment involves factors that, for the most part, are beyond the control of the company. Thus, the company must adapt to these factors. It is important to observe how the environment changes so that a firm can adapt its strategies appropriately. Consider these environmental forces: Competition: Competitors often creep in and threaten to take away markets from firms. For example, Japanese auto manufacturers became a serious threat to American car makers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Similarly, the Lotus Corporation, maker of one of the first commercially successful spreadsheets, soon faced competition from other software firms. Note that while competition may be frustrating for the firm, it is good for consumers. (In fact, we will come back to this point when we consider the legal environment).Note that competition today is increasingly global in scope. It is important to recognize that competition can happen at different levels. At the brand level, two firms compete in providing a very similar product or service. Coca Cola and Pepsi, for example, compete for the cola drink market, and United and American Airlines compete for the passenger air transportation market. Firms also face less direct-but frequently very serious-competition at the product level. For example, cola drinks compete against bottled water. Products or services can serve as substitutes for each other even though they are very different in form. Teleconferencing facilities, for example, are very different from airline passenger transportation, but both can bring together people for a meeting. At the budget level, different products or services provide very different benefits, but buyers have to make choices as to what they will buy when they cannot afford-or are unwilling to spend on-both. For example, a family may decide between buying a new car or a high definition television set. The family may also have to choose between going on a foreign vacation or remodeling its kitchen. Firms, too, may have to make choices. The firm has the cash flow either to remodel its offices or install a more energy efficient climate control system; or the firm can choose either to invest in new product development or in a promotional campaign to increase awareness of its brand among consumers. Marketing mix: In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a Marketing Mix. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, at the Michigan State University in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements Product, price, place and promotion. Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science. A number of modes of pricing techniques exist, which span: Elasticities (whether Price Elasticity of Demand, Cross Elasticity of Demand, or Income Elasticity of Demand) Market skimming pricing Market penetration pricing Placement: This refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales. Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, including promotional education, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix, which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan. The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer products. Industrial products, services, high value consumer products require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services. Definition of Feasibility Studies: A feasibility study looks at the viability of an idea with an emphasis on identifying potential problems and attempts to answer one main question: Will the idea work and should you proceed with it? Before you begin writing your business plan you need to identify how, where, and to whom you intend to sell a service or product. You also need to assess your competition and figure out how much money you need to start your business and keep it running until it is established. Feasibility studies address things like where and how the business will operate. They provide in-depth details about the business to determine if and how it can succeed, and serve as a valuable tool for developing a winning business plan. Important of the feasibility: The information you gather and present in your feasibility study will help you; List in detail all the things you need to make the business work; Identify logistical and other business-related problems and solutions; Develop marketing strategies to convince a bank or investor that your business is worth considering as an investment; Serve as a solid foundation for developing your business plan. Even if you have a great business idea you still have to find a cost-effective way to market and sell your products and services. This is especially important for store-front retail businesses where location could make or break your business. For example, most commercial space leases place restrictions on businesses that can have a dramatic impact on income. A lease may limit business hours/days, parking spaces, restrict the product or service you can offer, and in some cases, even limit the number of customers a business can receive each day. Description of the Business: The product or services to be offered and how they will be delivered. Market Feasibility: Includes a description of the industry, current market, anticipated future market potential, competition, sales projections, potential buyers, etc. Technical Feasibility: Details how you will deliver a product or service (i.e., materials, labor, transportation, where your business will be located, technology needed, etc.). Financial Feasibility: Projects how much start-up capital is needed, sources of capital, returns on investment, etc. Organizational Feasibility: Defines the legal and corporate structure of the business (may also include professional background information about the founders and what skills they can contribute to the business) Market Feasibility: Includes a description of the industry, current market, anticipated future market potential, competition, sales projections, potential buyers, etc. Discusses how the business can succeed. Be honest in your assessment because investors wont just look at your conclusions they will also look at the data and will question your conclusions if they are unrealistic. Feasibility studies contain comprehensive, detailed information about your business structure, your products and services, the market, logistics of how you will actually deliver a product or service, the resources you need to make the business run efficiently, as well as other information about the business. Marketing Feasibility Study: The purpose of the Marketing Feasibility Study is to determine the suitability of this property for profitable development, and to define optimal products and amenities in accordance with projected market demand, and to project sales absorption and annual revenues from development of this property. Things to Include in a market feasibility study include: Description of the Industry Current Market Analysis Competition Anticipated Future Market Potential Potential Buyers and Sources of Revenues Sales Projections NEED FOR THE STUDY: To know about marketing feasibility. To know what are elements covered in marketing feasibility of SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED. To identify how marketing feasibility impacts on the success of company. The basic need for the study is to known the consumer demand, through customer competition in the market and other environment factor, to observe the market relative to infrastructure service allowance terms of credit distribution mechanism system. the base needs for the study is to know the company position, company profile and customer satisfaction towards suzlon infrastructure service limited. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The study is mainly concentrates on wind turbine generators only. The present study has been taken to understand marketing feasibility towards wind turbine generators. The sample size was 50 customers only The study was undertaken only in Andhra Pradesh branches its scope of limited. The present study has been taken to understand the customer satisfaction towards suzlon infrastructure service limited in major places in Andhra Pradesh. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To know whether the companies have knowledge on renewable energy, are they knowing the benefits of wind turbine generator and to find there willingness to buy the product. To know the marketing feasibility of SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED To know the feasibility of selling wind turbine generator. To identify how the buyers response towards turbine generators in SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED. To observe the advertising methods whether those are suitable to SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED or not. To offer suggestions to the SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED related to improve the marketing feasibility. METHODOLOGY: RESEARCH DESIGN: The research design is mainly exploratory in nature as it involves researching the demand potential for the existing product. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA: The method for data collection was primarily by way of survey conducted in industries and big organization using an appropriate questionnaire. SECONDARY DATA: No secondary data is interpreted, since the survey its self enough to find the market potential. Since the product is not in the survey region and other region data will not suitable for a wind generator. SAMPLING METHODS: Sample size was required to be a size of 50 respondents in and around Hyderabad, Other districts of A.P. As the consumers were mainly industries and big organization consumers, method of convenient sampling was chosen. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The survey was conducted in and around of Hyderabad city and other states of A.P. Convenience sampling was used, which is non-probability sampling method Respondents were apprehensive and expressed reservation in giving information on the communication infrastructure and also on the future needs. Research was restricted to time limit. Time is the major constraints, which reduces the sample size. INDUSTRY PROFILE A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. It the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator. Wind machines were used for grinding grain in Persia as early as 200 B.C. This type of machine spread throughout the Islamic world and were introduced by Crusaders into Europe in the 13th century. By the 14th century Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine River delta. In Denmark by 1900 there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW. The first windmill for electricity production was built in Denmark in 1890. and in 1908 there were 72 wind-driven electric generators from 5 kW. The largest machines were on 24 m towers with four-bladed 23m diameter rotors. By the 1930s windmills were mainly used to generate electricity on farms, mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed. In this period, high tensile steel was cheap, and windmills were placed atop pre-fabricated open steel lattice towers. A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta, USSR in 1931. This was a 100 kW generator on a 30 m tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system. It was reported to have an annual load factor of 32 percent, not much different from current wind machines. In 1941 the worlds first megawatt-size wind turbine was connected to the local electrical distribution system on Grandpas Knob in Castleton, Vermont, USA. This 1.25 MW Smith-Putnam turbine operated for 1100 hours before a blade failed at a known weak point, which had not been reinforced due to war-time material shortages. In the 1940, the U.S. had a rural electrification project that killed the natural market for wind-generated power, since network power distribution provided a farm with more dependable usable energy for a given amount of capital investment. In the 1970s many people began to desire a self-style. Solar cells were too expensive for small-scale electrical generation, so practical people turned to windmills. At first they built ad-hoc designs using wood and automobile parts. Most people discovered that a reliable wind generator is a moderately complex engineering project, well beyond the ability of most romantics. Practical people began to search for and rebuild farm wind-generators from the 1930s. Jacobs wind generators were especially sought after. Later, in the 1980s, California provided tax rebates for ecologically harmless power. These rebates funded the first major use of wind power for utility electricity. These machines, gathered in large wind parks such as at Altamont pass would be considered small and un-economic by modern wind power development standard. In the 1990s, as aesthetics and durability became more important, turbines were placed a top steel or reinforced concrete towers. Small generators are connected to the tower on the ground, and then the tower is raised into position. Larger generators are hoisted into position atop the tower and there is a ladder or staircase inside the tower to allow technicians to reach and maintain the generator. Originally wind generators were built right next to where their power was needed. With the availability of long distance electric power transmission, wind generators are now often on wind farms in windy locations and huge ones are being built offshore, sometimes transmitting power back to land using high voltage submarine cable. Since wind turbines are a renewable means of generating electricity, they are being widely deployed, but their cost is often subsidized by taxpayers, either directly or through renewable energy credits. Much depends on the cost of alternative sources of electricity. Wind generator cost per unit. Power generation from wind has emerged as one of the most successful programmes in the renewable energy sector, and has started making meaningful contributions to the overall power requirements of some States. Energy is a major input for overall socio-economic development. Use of fossil fuels is expected to fuel the economic development process of a majority of the world population during the next two decades. However, at some time during the period 2020-2050, fossil fuels are likely to reach their maximum potential, and their price will become higher than other renewable energy options on account of increasingly constrained production and availability. Therefore, renewable are expected to play a key role in accelerating development and sustainable growth in the second half of the next century, accounting then to 50 to 60% of the total global energy supply. After the creation of a separate Ministry in 1992, special emphasis was given in the Eighth Plan to generation of grid quality power from renewable. The total installed capacity of power from renewables today stands at nearly 1350 MW with contribution from wind power of nearly 1000 MW. Wind power installations worldwide have crossed 8500 MW producing about 14 billion KWh of energy annually. A total capacity of about 5500 MW has been installed in Europe, 1700 MW in USA, and 992 MW in India. India is now the fourth largest wind power generator in the world after Germany, USA and Denmark. The State of the World 1998, a world-watch Institute Report on progress toward a sustainable society, released earlier this year, has noted that renewable energy production in the world is expanding rapidly. Wind generation is the fastest growing energy source in this decade and is expanding at 25% per year. The Report recognizes India as a new Wind Superpower. With declining trend of cost and increase in the scale of wind turbine manufacturing, wind promises to become a major power source globally in the first few decades of the new millennium. MNES (Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources) are implementing the worlds largest wind resource assessment programme, which forms the backbone of their wind exploitation efforts. Preliminary estimates indicate a potential of about 20,000 MW. Scientific surveys are being intensified to identify specific viable and potential sites. A recent study undertaken to re-assess the potential, places it at about 45,000 MW. Assuming a grid penetration of 20%, a technical potential of about 9,000 MW is already available for exploitation in the potential States. 160 sites have so far been identified in 13 States. Survey work is in progress in 24 States / UTs. The States of Rajasthan and West Bengal have also shown wind potential recently. Today, we have a wind power installed capacity of 992 MW in the country, out of which about 940 MW is accounted fo

The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery Essays -- Ameri

The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery The voyages of the Iberians marked history. The discovery of the new world meant the unification of two old worlds. These old worlds had different beliefs, attitudes, language, and values. The culture of these two worlds would never be the same. The native peoples of America at the end of the fifteenth century ranged from the simplest hunting-fishing-gathering societies to highly developed civilizations with urban and peasant components. In spite of these notable differences, they were alike in that they had all developed from the level of pre-bow-arrow hunters without significant contact with other regions. There high civilizations were based on agricultural and trading economies, with craft specialization, large cities, monumental architecture, elaborate politico-religious organizations, and dense populations. Soft metal was worked, writing was being developed, and the idea of the wheel was present in toys. Until the end of the fifteenth century, the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula were grouped in several politically autonomous units, resulting in significant cultural and social differences. These people shared the same basic cultural history through several millennia, during which time they were exposed to the basic innovations of Western Eurasia and North Africa. Phoenicians and Greeks brought civilization from the Eastern Mediterranean, and Neolithic farmers from Africa had been followed by Hallstat ironworkers from Europe. Six centuries of Roman domination gave the peninsula a common language, unified political control, widespread urbanization, and other forms and values of Rome. Agriculture, medicine, mathematics, and other forms of science was ... ...plague, measles, and many more, even the common cold. Bibliography Basso, Ellen B. THE KALAPALO INDIANS OF CENTRAL BRAZIL. New York: Holt 1973 Cespedes, Guillermo. LATIN AMERICA, THE EARLY YEARS. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1974 Diffie, Bailey W. LATIN AMERICAN CIVILIZATION. New york: Octagon 1967 Elliott, J.H. THE SPANISH WORLD. New York: Abrams 1991 Faron, Louis C. THE MAPUCHE INDIANS OF CHILE. Illinois: Waveland 1986 Foster, George M. CULTURE AND CONQUEST. Chicago: Quadrangle 1960 Morrison, Samuel Eliot. THE EUROPEAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. New York: Oxford University 1967 Parry, J.H. THE DISCOVERY OF SOUTH AMERICA. New York: Taplinger 1979 Reindrop, Reginald C. SPANISH AMERICAN CUSTOMS, CULTURE AND PERSONALITY. END OF A NEW WORLD. Films for the Humanities. A NEW WORLD IS BORN. Films for the Humanities.

Bead Bar E Commerce

Bead bar is a company which specializes in making beads jewellery for the customers. They have three divisions’ namely studios, franchises and bead bar on board. The E-Commerce site would enable all its customers and employees to collaborate evenly for synchronization of activities and operations. The customers get a chance to design their own jewellery using the beads of different dimension and nature so that it is completely custom-built and inline with their preferences. The employees in turn get all the proposed designs and contact customers for their info and other details.The e-commerce site would arrange for online payments and delivery of ones products safely with ease. E-Business for Bead Bar: Bead bar is expanding its wings in the market and wishes to capture the eyes of the customers at large. Building an e-commerce would make the Bead Bar stores to be in synchronization with resources and would be able to capture the essence of internet. Connecting all its stores a nd departments always forms a crucial portion for sharing information and quickening its operations.An intranet in place would facilitate all the connection of all its departments and divisions but would incur extra costs for getting the large bulk of customers all over the world. It is on a mission to cater its jewellery services to all and decided to make facility for online payments and delivery. The primary component is that the customers must be facilitated to make their own designs and are able to do that at anytime at their own convenience. They are provided with several options to pick and choose several options for making and designing their own product.Furthermore the site would be able to allow purchase options for the clients so that they can order their designed products and purchase it online. Delivery options are also facilitated at the site. Bead Bar can use e-business to market their website in other commercial sites for providing the customers with enough knowledge about their services and facilities it provides. It can cater to the entire world to fetch customers. Its online presence would create an anytime anywhere environment for accessing its services by the customers. Tracking the orders online and updating of inventories would be quite possible for Bead Bar.Time and effort would be capitalized for every customer and employee for making their operations planned, organized and decisive. The customer would also be freed from location dependent problems and Bead Bar in turn would create a world class facility for every customer giving them a feeling that the entire store is for them and they would get equal assistance and status in getting any services from the enterprise. Building an e-business also helps them to cater to large number of customers at the same time with no problems of call-waiting and poor support for orders.The online store would take that all relevant information is put up and make each customer feel that they own the sto re. Technology The technology required for the Bead Bar to become an e-business would require the creation of a website which would bring every resource in one page. The site must envelope all the company details and features which would provide enough background for every service the company is rendering and the striking features which make it unique in the internet marketplace in its own segment.The primary requirement is the creation of website which would include all the web technologies like HTML, DHTML, XML, ASP, JSP, PHP and may others. HTML and DHTML would be required to create the static and dynamic pages respectively. Other technologies like XML, JSP and others would be required for fetching data from a warehouse and provide dynamic updation of information. These are established standards for creating a website. Once the website details are figured out one requires figuring out the entities of the system, both internal and external entities, so that their association is ma pped.Once all the entities are found and decided upon, the properties of the entities are established, meaning their attributes which define the entities. Once the planning and analysis stage is done the association is mapped into a schema diagram and relations are normalized and then inputted into the database. A RDBMS such as DB2, Oracle, SYBASE or any other can be used to create the database. Connecting databases with the site is the next step where PHP and other technologies can be used. The Java technologies and other server technologies are used so that they facilitate making the online payments and delivery information’s (Cooke, 1997).The above discussed technologies would provide enough content to describe and market the company services and features. It would also facilitate necessary dynamic updations, make arrangements for designing their own jewellery and facilitate payment procedures and delivery options. Website traffic Website traffic is defined in the sense of generating clicks on the website and actions taken. It is also taken for the path traveled by the customers in the website. The following can be attributed for making the website traffic smooth and consistent:†¢ Creating publicity in other sites as flash images †¢ Giving promotion offers and discounts †¢ Offering seasonal packages in jewellery by experts †¢ Online support and chat facilities with the experts in design and organization †¢ Offering more options in custom design in terms of other related items and accessories Electronic payment capabilities The online payment capability for the Bead Bar is taken care well in the e-commerce site. The use of secure socket layer (SSL) technology is used for facilitating the secure means of payment and encryption of data.The use of secure connections would make sure that data is exchanged with ease and online databases must be adjusted well in accordance to handling credit card and other financial information of t he customers. Encryption The encryption of the information presented in the website and the handling of financial information for verification and payment is done through the use of encryption techniques so that it is not stolen in the process for malicious intent and the customer is also safe and has no worries for any misuse of information.The financial data is encrypted for changing their content when transferring them to other sites for checking purposes. All such personal data and preferences are also tracked and kept in an encrypted form so that they are not prone to changes or modifications. Conclusion The recommended technological suggestions would make Bead Bar to establish them well in the e-business and make sure customers’ and other agents maintain their level of trust.The usability features would make the site in accordance to the best of standards and make sure that every resource is captured and nurtured well. The web technologies would bring all the divisions of the company on the same page and synchronize all the activities and the life cycle efficiently function. References / Bibliography Cooke, M. (1997). Java e-commerce: technologies for distributed enterprise computing. Lynch, P. & Horton, S. (1999). Web Style Guide, Basic Design Principles for Creating Web Sites.

Ebp Evidence Based Practiced

Running head: EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE1 Evidence Based Practice San K. So Nevada State College EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE2 Abstract Evidence based practice is an important aspect of nursing and many other disciplines. It is needed to build upon and/or modify current practices. Evidence based practice has made hospitals and medical facilities nationwide use policies and procedures that closely match the guidelines suggested by certain research. For example, the use of foley catheters and the regulations for the use has been greatly modified due to research based data.The guidelines are used to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Evidence based practice also has influenced the use of certain treatments for premature babies and how nursing orientation is done. This article will touch upon many aspects that research and evidence based data has changed and/or improved, so patient care is maintained safely and effectively. Keywords: EBP (evidence based practice), CAUTI (cathe ter-associated urinary tract infections), JACHO (The Joint Commission), WHO (World Health Organization).SBAR (The Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 3 Evidence based practice (EBP) is an approach to healthcare wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible to make clinical decisions (Blais and Hayes, 2011). It involves complex and conscientious decision-making based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences.Evidence based practice involves many steps along the way and have influence hospital policies and procedures. For example, the use and maintenance of in-dwelling foley catheters has been research upon and new practices are suggested. The new research and data had many purposes, like increase patient safety; decrease catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and how nursing will maintain the catheters. In this paper we will exami ne the use of evidence-based practice in regards to catheter-associated urinary tract infections.In the hospital, there are appropriate indications for indwelling urethral catheter and if those indications are not present then the physician needs to prescribe alternative methods of urinary drainage. Some indications per hospital policy is patient requiring prolong immobilization, perioperative use for urologic surgery, anticipated prolong surgery and the need to monitor urine output during surgery, critically ill patients that require strict input and output monitoring, patients with urinary retention and to improve comfort at end of life care.Indwelling catheters are not to be used for convenience for the medical staff. Once an indwelling catheter is indicated, then there are guidelines to maintaining the catheter. Sterile technique needs to be use while inserting the catheter to prevent infection. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 4 As per policy nursing staff need to perform catheter care at least once a shift and as needed. The continuation reassessment of the indication needs to be done also. The catheter needs to be secured to the patient and the collection bag needs to be lower than bladder level.The collecting tube needs to be free of kinks and dependent loops. The collection bag should be emptied routinely. If the catheter has been in for three days or longer, the nurse should provide daily reminders to the physician recommending the removal of the foley catheter, unless it is still indicated. The nursing staff and medical team need to provide education to the patient and the family during the duration of the catheter. These guidelines closely match the recommendations noted on the National Guideline Clearinghouse website. The hospital nursing staff tries to follow these guidelines closely.Our hospital has a self-made monitoring sheet that helps the nurse and the charge nurse to monitor the indwelling catheter and ensure daily care and reassessments are done. T he sheet allows the charge nurse and on-coming nursing staff to closely monitor if the patient is at risk for CAUTI. If a patient does develop a fever and has an indwelling catheter, then urine samples are obtain to rule out infection related to the catheter. The guidelines closely match our current hospital policy, but re-analyzing the guideline would help fine tune many other aspects of the policy (Allen and Donohue and Gilmore, 2010).Along with Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, I also use other evidence-based techniques in my practice as a pediatric nurse. EBP shapes how we give report at the end of the shift. The Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation communication was developed from research, like the EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 5 one done in a northern Arizona hospital on the pediatrics/perinatal service department. The research was explained in the article, Collaborative Communication: Integrating SBAR to Improve Quality/Patie nt Safety Outcomes.Cynthia Beckett and Gayle Kipnis wrote the article explaining the importance and research supporting the use of SBAR during hand-off communication. This study surveyed nursing staff and physicians during and after the research. The integration of SBAR format helped this study achieve their two goals: increase effective communication and improvement of staff and patient satisfaction in care. As with the article, SBAR has made hand off communication to other nurses, physicians, and other discipline staff effective.The SBAR format paints a better picture of how the patient is doing and what is his current status. It also helps with further educating the staff. For example, when I am receiving report from a seasoned nurse and she recommends certain interventions, I am able to ask the needed questions to understand her recommendations; it provides an opportunity for a new nurse to learn the reasons behind certain interventions. EBP can be also applied to certain treatm ents over others. An example of such application is inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants.A study done at John Hopkins University Evidence-based Practice Center in 2010 was an attempt to review the evidence on the use of nitric oxide on infants born at or before thirty-four weeks gestation age and need to receive respiratory support. Treatment for acute respiratory failure usually contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or pulmonary hypertension. The purpose of this evidence report is to address if nitric oxide increase survival and/or reduce the occurrence of brochopulmonary dysplasia, are there short term EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 6 r long term risk in the therapy and if the effects of inhaled nitric oxide therapy on BPD. The data collected and information was based on medical research, like certain clinical trials and other researches on Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Studies, and PsycInfo databases. The information extract ed from these databases range from 2009 to 2010. The data collected was analyzed and the applied to the questions listed above. The results show that infants treated with nitric oxide did not decrease or increase the mortality rate in infants in the neonatal intensive care.There is inconclusive data regarding the short and long-term effects of inhaled nitric oxide. The research report does indicate there is no evidence that supports the use of inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants with BPD. This research report is significant for nursing because it provides further education of the nursing staff. If a nurse is well versed in current treatment and their effectiveness, then they can assist the care for the patient along with the physicians and respiratory therapist (Beckett and KIpnis, 2009). Another aspect of nursing that EBP can be applied, is on management level.We discussed how it is applied on skills and treatments, but now we are going to see how EBP can improve the management of the nursing profession. In What Is the Latest Evidence on Nursing Orientation, written by Mary Krugman, the author examines the idea of nursing orientation. Is there a magic number of hours that is most effective to convey information to the new hires and also keep the cost for the hospital within reasonable limits. The article reviewed literature on this topic written in the past five years, spanning from 2006 to 2011. They selected twenty-nine articles to review.The selected articles they were organized and summarized by graduate nurse orientation and EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 7 general orientation. The results showed that there was a gap in the general orientation versus graduate nurse orientation. There are many suggestion that professional development specialist should modify the traditional way of framing an orientation. There are studies that suggest that critical care nurse orientation should be provided to all levels of nursing. It becomes hard to challenge and keep the n ew hire engaged when all hospital orientation go over the same nursing concepts.The research implies that one must know your audience and modify the orientation as the day progresses. This article was not a study, but an implementation project. The ideas in the article would help the management and education team redesign how they orientate new hires. Sitting in a room and watching videos may not be the most effective way to organize nursing orientation. Integrating more hands on during orientation would better prepare new hires and new graduate nurses with the transition to the career. This idea would help make my hospital orientation become more interesting and engaging.The traditional way of orientation lack hands on and physically being on the unit. This would not really cost more than the classroom form of orientation. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 8 Summary Implementing evidence-based practice is a vital part of nursing and other professions. The application of the data from researc h and data collect help improve and modify all nursing aspects. It can shape certain practices done in the clinical setting, like how we maintain central venous lines, how we prevent catheter acquired urinary tract infections and as basic as hand hygiene.EBP also influence treatment options. Clinical data and or trials help provide new information on standard of care compared to new innovative treatment, as seen in the use of nitric oxide in preterm infants. We are able to compare the effectiveness treatment options to better serve the patient. EBP can also be used to improve nursing management. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 9 References Allen MC, Donohue P, Gilmore M, et al. Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2010 Oct. Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 195. ) Available from: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK56325/ Beckett, C. , & Kipnis, G. , (2009). Collaborative Communication: Integrating SBAR to Impro ve Quality/Patient Safety Outcomes. Journal for Healthcare Quaility. 5(31), 19-28. Blais, K. , & Hayes, J. S. (2011). Professional nursing practice, concepts and perspectives. (6 ed. , p. 184-185). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Krugman, M. , (2011). What is the latest evidence on nursing orientation. Journal For Nurses in Staff Development. 27(6). 310-312.