Claudius A Man Masked In Betrayal And Murder Essays -

Claudius: A Man Masked In Betrayal And Murder Claudius A Man Masked in Betrayal and Murder What could be worse than killing your brother? Marrying his wife right after! Claudius is the shadiest character in Act I of Hamlet. Claudius had poured the juice of a hebenon (henbane; a very poisonous plant) into his brothers, Hamlet Sr.s ear. Hamlet Sr. died quickly but was doomed for a certain term to walk the night. Claudius then hurriedly married Gertrude and became king. Hamlet knows none of this however, yet already holds certain contempt for his step-father/uncle. In scene 2, Claudius gives a very sly speech, side-stepping the fact that he is in the middle of a very incestuous relationship. He says, With an auspicious and a dropping eye, / With mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage, / In equal scale weighing delight and dole, -/Taken to wife Claudius tries to beat around the bush and not really explain anything about his marriage to Gertrude. No one questions him because he is King, but the people are not happy about this situation anyway. Claudiuss slick nature somewhat surfaces when he is speaking to Hamlet also. He is obviously uncomfortable with the fact that Hamlet is still mourning the death of his father and almost seems to bully him to stop: to preserver/ In obstinate condolement is a course/ Of impious stubbornness; tis unmanly grief;/ It shows a will most incorrect to heaven,/ A heart unfortified, a mind impatient,/ An understanding simple and unschooled Claudius, of course, seems to say this with a face full of smiles as if po litely correcting Hamlet, but it seems obvious that he is downright afraid of what Hamlet could do if he discovered the truth. This is expressed even more when Claudius says, we beseech you, bend you to remain/ Here, in the cheer and comfort of our eye, / Our chiefest courtier, cousin, and our son. Keeping his enemies close seems to be his plan. Not only will Claudius be able to keep his eye on Hamlet, but he can be sure that Hamlet wont be able to rise up against him if he stays. Claudius has much to lose if anyone finds out his terrible secretthat he killed the King, his brother. This simple fact is the reason why Claudius is not what he appears to be in Act I. English Essays

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Essays - Emotion, Brain, Psychology

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Essays - Emotion, Brain, Psychology GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT Master in Business Administration Research Proposal The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership s' Effectiveness Course: MGT 6998 - Business Research Methods Prepared For : Prof. Dr. Gary N. Mclean Prepared By: Laila Humaira Binti Md Khalil G1318532 Submission Date: 18 July 2014 Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u \* MERGEFORMAT ABSTRACT PAGEREF _Toc393488976 \h 2 CHAPTER ONE PAGEREF _Toc393488977 \h 3 INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc393488978 \h 3 1.1 Background of the Study PAGEREF _Toc393488979 \h 3 1.2 Problem Statement PAGEREF _Toc393488980 \h 5 1.3 Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc393488981 \h 6 1.4 Research Objectives PAGEREF _Toc393488982 \h 6 CHAPTER TWO PAGEREF _Toc393488983 \h 7 LITERATURE REVIEW PAGEREF _Toc393488984 \h 7 2.1 Leadership PAGEREF _Toc393488985 \h 7 2.2 Emotional Intelligence PAGEREF _Toc393488986 \h 8 2.3 Emotional Intelligence In Leadership PAGEREF _Toc393488987 \h 10 2.4 Self Awareness PAGEREF _Toc393488988 \h 11 2.5 Self-Management PAGEREF _Toc393488989 \h 13 2.6 Social Awareness PAGEREF _Toc393488990 \h 14 2.7 Relationship Management PAGEREF _Toc393488991 \h 14 CHAPTER THREE PAGEREF _Toc393488992 \h 16 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PAGEREF _Toc393488993 \h 16 3.1 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc393488994 \h 16 3.2 Method, Sample Design and Sample Selection PAGEREF _Toc393488995 \h 16 3.3 Theoretical Framework PAGEREF _Toc393488996 \h 17 REFERENCES PAGEREF _Toc393488997 \h 18 ABSTRACT In the current market that is fierce and competitive, organisations are more focused on developing and enhancing the performance of their organisations. Human resources became very important in the organisations, whereby their roles are to select and recruit the best choice of employees. This matter is due to increase the quality and efficiency of the employees which consist of leaders and followers. However, in order to select the best leaders, the criteria that should be considered is partly the emotional intelligence traits. This study will examine the impact of emotional intelligence on leadership effectiveness. This paper will also focus on the components of emotional intelligence and its impact towards on leadership effectiveness. A sample of 100 working employees will be selected ra ndomly from those who are wo rking in Kuala Lumpur . Data will be g athered from these employees through the a questionnaire wh ereby the questionnaire that will consist of questions that are related to the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness . Hence, the main objective of this study is to de termin e the relationship between the components of emotional intelligence which are the ( self-awareness, self-management, social awareness ) , and the relationship management with the effectiveness of the leaders . Based on some previous studies, they stated that it is difficult to measure emotional intelligence which is to why there are still some unclear findings on the relationship between emotional intelligence and the leadership effectiveness. Keywords: CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study In every organisation, there are so many different types of leaders. Their style of leading their subordinates are undeniably different. The concept of leadership is definitely one of the most discussed issues in the organisations because it is one of the most important factors to achieve the organisations' goals and objectives. Generally, the concept of leadership involves the ability and power to lead and influence others in order to achieve the objectives of the organisation ( Suciu et al . , 2010). In addition, not everyone has the leadership traits. Some people are naturally born with the leadership characteristics, but some of them need to learn to have the leadership abilities . According to Bawany (2010), leadership can be related to one's ability and self-confidence to motivate others and gain ing their respect. Thus, only those are selected ones that actually really have the ability to lead others to achieve their g oals. Many researchers and also the public have different perceptions and opinions in the concepts of leadership. In this current environment where there are so many changes and issues in the economy, as well as very fierce competitions between the organisations and industries, leaders play an important role in sustaining and maintaining the stability of the organisation in order to maximise their accomplishments as well as for survival in the industry. In order to enhance the performance of the organisation, leaders' effectiveness are one of the main factors to achieve that goal. The traits claiming that a leader should possess includes intelligence, power, drive, extroverted, as well as charismatic (Bawany, 2010). Based on

Implementing Change in Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Implementing Change in Healthcare - Essay Example The basic problem with healthcare is that there are too many patients wanting the same type of health care. This breeds monotony into the life of a heath care professional and hence the employee becomes bored of doing the same job again and again. Also an employee gets de-motivated when patients keep coming with the same diseases and they feel that they aren't doing anything substantial to help patients. For an employee to feel satisfied, he/she should be put of job rotation so that different kinds of jobs are being done after every few days. Seeing different diseases and helping out to solve them, is not only beneficial for the employees to learn new healthcare techniques, it also helps them to realize the importance of their jobs. Such a situation calls for bringing about a change in the medical profession. No matter whether a change is of major proportions or is objectively rather small, the change manager must anticipate that people in the organization are going to find reasons to resist changes. It is a basic tenet of human behavior that any belief or value that has been previously successful in meeting needs will resist change. This applies even if there are better more successful alternatives to meet those needs. Resistance to change takes many forms. ... Bystanders Change Agents Passive Active Energy of Response Reasons for Resistance The main reason for resistance is the uncertainty of the new situation. People like to lead their lives the way they have been living in the past unless that life is entirely unsatisfactory. Change is attached with negativity and this bias is not entirely wrong. Factors such as downsizing, change in working conditions, having a new boss or a new organizational structure is related to having a negative affect on these people. Kotter give four basic reasons why employees resist change. 1. 'Parochial' Self-Interest - This belief is that people are selfish and they care only about themselves thus a change in their surrounding is bound to affect them thus they resist it. 2. Misunderstanding - The second reason given by Kotter is that due to lack of proper communication and information/knowledge about the change begets resistance from the employees. 3. Low Tolerance of Change. -Thirdly people want to live the life they have been living and want the security and stability in their work. 4. Different assessments of the situation - The last reason is purely business natured. This reason says that employees in the business would either agree or disagree with the change decision. Some people might see the advantage of change while others might see the same factors as the disadvantages. Force Field Analysis The force field analysis is a method which helps in identifying the most important target groups for a campaign, identify competitors, it helps in identifying how to influence these target groups and helps in investigation the balance of power regarding an issue. The driving forces are written on the left while the restraining forces are written

Adidas Company in Sports Industry Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Adidas Company in Sports Industry - Coursework Example To Adidas Company, putting too many efforts into the whole career thing and strict adhering to certain routines during life do not coincide with the overall expectations. Instead, the company is about passion and a belief that one should push own limits everywhere and all the times. It is sports as the foundation of everything that company does; it is about the redefining the benchmark for discovering and shaping the future; it is the fair play which creates the basis for company’s performance among similar businesses (Our expectations, 2015). All these considerations create the mission of Adidas Group as the company which strives to be the global leader in the provision of sports goods and the services of which are built on the passion for sports and a sporting lifestyle. Values of the company describe the desired culture, which are the promotion of sports as the foundation of all Adidas does, passion for constant moving, innovation and the improvement, the integrity approach based on such characteristics as honesty, openness, ethical and fair attitude toward others, and the understanding of the diversity of ideas, strengths and interests in building the company’s brands. At the same time, however, one should understand that vision and mission which are the visual part of the company’s strategy are different from the forces that embed innovation. According to (Dobni, 2010), innovation is premised on the market orientation, the creation of value and defining of the new opportunity space.

What are some cause of the Renaissance How did the Renaissance differ Essay

What are some cause of the Renaissance How did the Renaissance differ from the prior Middle Ages - Essay Example Various factors caused the beginning of Renaissance. One of the principal causes, which contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance, is the crusades. These crusades included a series of wars organized by Western European Christians. The Christians fought with Muslims in order to recapture Holy Land, which the Muslims occupied (Gundersheimer 67). In addition, after the end of crusades, emerging crusaders brought ancient Greek and Latin texts back, which brought a revived concentration in classical works. Another factor contributing to the start of the Renaissance was the opening of the Mediterranean trade routes in the Italian city states. The opening of the Mediterranean route led to the development of a new merchant class that was remarkably influential. The most popular dynasty of the merchant class was the Medici family. The Medici family remained powerful throughout since they maintained the financial strength of Florence city (Hay 43). This influenced the transformation of i ndividual thinking and allowed Renaissance. New secular hunger for discovering texts caused Renaissance. Monasteries and courts in Europe had repositories of old texts and manuscripts. However, scholars desired a change in classical works; this stimulated massive appraisal of classical works. The desire by artists to discover new texts led to transformation in art work. One of the writers known as Petrarch triggered the Renaissance through writing about how his intention to discover texts had been ignored (Martin 87). Secular readers introduced and developed a taste and a hunger of reading and spreading classical writings. This happened with a renewed strength than the previous years, which led to a total transformation in classical works. Hence, the hunger for discovery of texts led to Renaissance. Reintroduction of classical works also caused Renaissance. Although there were classical

Marketing Strategies and Marketing Management Styles

Marketing Strategies and Marketing Management Styles INTRODUCTION: MEANING OF MARKETING AND MARAKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing as a business function will change with the movement of products and service from the producer to the user. Ability to sell at a profit is the critical test. The marketing system that delivers out high standards of living consists of many large and small companies seeking success. Many factors contribute to making a company successful great strategy, dedicated employees, good information system and excellent implementation. Many peoples minds are stereotyped fixed that large companies operating in highly developed economies use marketing involves with inside outside the Organization Swat Analysis. Any large small scale organization can build in. MARKETING: Marketing has often been described as the as of selling products. But people are surprised when they hear that the most important part of marketing is not selling! Selling is only the tip of the marketing iceberg. Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others. It is an integrated process through which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value fro customers in return. Marketing is used to create the customer, to keep the customer and to satisfy the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. The evolution of marketing was caused due to mature markets and overcapacities in the last decades. Companies then shifted the focus from production more to the customer in order to stay profitable. The term marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions.[It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing promotion, and distribution on ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. Marketing management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firms marketing resources and activities. Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand accepted definition of the term. In part, this is because the role of a marketing manager can vary significantly based on a business size, corporate culture, and industry context. For example, in a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product. From this prospect it consists of 5 steps, beginning with the market environment research. After fixing the targets and setting the strategies, they will be realized by the marketing mix in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. Marketing management design effective, cost-efficient implementation programs, firms must possess a detailed, objective understanding of their own business and the market in which they operate. In analyzing these issues, the discipline of marketing management often overlaps with the related discipline of strategic planning. Definitions: Market: A market consists of all the potential customers sharing a particular need or want to might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want. Marketing: The term Marketing has been defined in various ways by different marketing management experts. These definitions can be group in two major categories namely classical or old definitions and modern definitions. Marketing is the performance of business activities that directs the flow of goods and services from produces to consumers or users. AMERICAN MARKETING ASSOCIATION Marketing is social and managerial process by which individuals and group obtain what they need and what through creating, offering and exchanging the products of value with orders. Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions, whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new Approaches Marketing Management Marketing management is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideal goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. What is marketing channel and its work:- Most producers do not sell their products directly to the final users between them stands a set of intermediaries performing a variety of functions. These intermediaries constitute a marketing channel (also called a Trade channel and Distribution channel). Marketing channel are sets interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Marketing channel decisions are among the most critical decisions. The companys prices depend on whether it uses mass merchandisers or high quality boutiques. The firms sales force and advertising decisions dependent on how much training and motivation dealers need. Marketing. Several definitions have been proposed for the term marketing. Each tends to emphasize different issues. Memorizing a definition is unlikely to be useful; ultimately, it makes more sense to thinking of ways to benefit from creating customer value in the most effective way, subject to ethical and other constraints that one may have. The 2006 and 2007 definitions offered by the American Marketing Association are relatively similar, with the 2007 appearing a bit more concise. Note that the definitions make several points: A main objective of marketing is to create customer value. Marketing usually involves an exchange between buyers and sellers or between other parties. Marketing has an impact on the firm, its suppliers, its customers, and others affected by the firms choices. Marketing frequently involves enduring relationships between buyers, sellers, and other parties. Processes involved include creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings. Delivering customer value: The central idea behind marketing is the idea that a firm or other entity will create something of value to one or more customers who, in turn, are willing to pay enough (or contribute other forms of value) to make the venture worthwhile considering opportunity costs. Value can be created in a number of different ways. Some firms manufacture basic products (e.g., bricks) but provide relatively little value above that. Other firms make products whose tangible value is supplemented by services (e.g., a computer manufacturer provides a computer loaded with software and provides a warranty, technical support, and software updates). It is not necessary for a firm to physically handle a product to add value-e.g., online airline reservation systems add value by compiling information about available flight connections and fares, allowing the customer to buy a ticket, forwarding billing information to the airline, and forwarding reservation information to the customer. It should be noted that value must be examined from the point of view of the customer. Some customer segments value certain product attributes more than others. A very expensive product-relative to others in the category-may, in fact, represent great value to a particular customer segment because the benefits received are seen as even greater than the sacrifice made (usually in terms of money). Some segments have very unique and specific desires, and may value what-to some individuals-may seem a lower quality item-very highly. Some forms of customer value. The marketing process involves ways that value can be created for the customer. Form utility involves the idea that the product is made available to the consumer in some form that is more useful than any commodities that are used to create it. A customer buys a chair, for example, rather than the wood and other components used to create the chair. Thus, the customer benefits from the specialization that allows the manufacturer to more efficiently create a chair than the customer could do him or herself. Place utility refers to the idea that a product made available to the customer at a preferred location is worth more than one at the place of manufacture. It is much more convenient for the customer to be able to buy food items in a supermarket in his or her neighborhood than it is to pick up these from the farmer. Time utility involves the idea of having the product made available when needed by the customer. The customer may buy a turkey a few days before Thanksgiving without having to plan to have it available. Intermediaries take care of the logistics to have the turkeys-which are easily perishable and bulky to store in a freezer-available when customers demand them. Possession utility involves the idea that the consumer can go to one store and obtain a large assortment of goods from different manufacturers during one shopping occasion. Supermarkets combine food and other household items from a number of different suppliers in one place. Certain superstores such as the European hypermarkets and the Wal-Mart super centers combine even more items into one setting. Marketing Strategy: Once the company has obtained an adequate understanding of the customer base and its own competitive position in the industry, marketing managers are able to make key strategic decisions and develop a marketing strategy designed to maximize the revenues and profits of the firm. The selected strategy may aim for any of a variety of specific objectives, including optimizing short-term unit margins, revenue growth, market share, long-term profitability, or other goals. To achieve the desired objectives, marketers typically identify one or more target customer segments which they intend to pursue. Customer segments are often selected as targets because they score highly on two dimensions: The segment is attractive to serve because it is large, growing, makes frequent purchases, is not price sensitive (i.e. is willing to pay high prices), or other factors; and The company has the resources and capabilities to compete for the segments business, can meet their needs better than the competition, and can do so profitably. In fact, a commonly cited definition of marketing is simply meeting needs profitably. Marketing environment: The term marketing environment relates to all of the factors (whether internal, external, direct or indirect) that affects a firms marketing decision-making or planning and is subject of the marketing research. A firms marketing environment consists of two main areas, which are: Macro environment: On the macro environment a firm holds only little control. It consists of a variety of external factors that manifest on a large (or macro) scale. These are typically economic, social, political or technological phenomena. A common method of assessing a firms macro-environment is via a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Ecological) analysis. Within a PESTLE analysis, a firm would analyze national political issues, culture and climate, key macroeconomic conditions, health and indicators (such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment, etc.), social trends/attitudes, and the nature of technologys impact on its society and the business processes within the society. Micro environment: A firm holds a greater amount (though not necessarily total) control of the micro environment. It comprises factors pertinent to the firm itself, or stakeholders closely connected with the firm or company. A firms micro environment typically spans: Customers/consumers, Employees, Suppliers, The Media. By contrast to the macro environment, an organization holds a greater degree of control over these factors. Elements of the environment: The marketing environment involves factors that, for the most part, are beyond the control of the company. Thus, the company must adapt to these factors. It is important to observe how the environment changes so that a firm can adapt its strategies appropriately. Consider these environmental forces: Competition: Competitors often creep in and threaten to take away markets from firms. For example, Japanese auto manufacturers became a serious threat to American car makers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Similarly, the Lotus Corporation, maker of one of the first commercially successful spreadsheets, soon faced competition from other software firms. Note that while competition may be frustrating for the firm, it is good for consumers. (In fact, we will come back to this point when we consider the legal environment).Note that competition today is increasingly global in scope. It is important to recognize that competition can happen at different levels. At the brand level, two firms compete in providing a very similar product or service. Coca Cola and Pepsi, for example, compete for the cola drink market, and United and American Airlines compete for the passenger air transportation market. Firms also face less direct-but frequently very serious-competition at the product level. For example, cola drinks compete against bottled water. Products or services can serve as substitutes for each other even though they are very different in form. Teleconferencing facilities, for example, are very different from airline passenger transportation, but both can bring together people for a meeting. At the budget level, different products or services provide very different benefits, but buyers have to make choices as to what they will buy when they cannot afford-or are unwilling to spend on-both. For example, a family may decide between buying a new car or a high definition television set. The family may also have to choose between going on a foreign vacation or remodeling its kitchen. Firms, too, may have to make choices. The firm has the cash flow either to remodel its offices or install a more energy efficient climate control system; or the firm can choose either to invest in new product development or in a promotional campaign to increase awareness of its brand among consumers. Marketing mix: In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a Marketing Mix. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, at the Michigan State University in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements Product, price, place and promotion. Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science. A number of modes of pricing techniques exist, which span: Elasticities (whether Price Elasticity of Demand, Cross Elasticity of Demand, or Income Elasticity of Demand) Market skimming pricing Market penetration pricing Placement: This refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales. Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, including promotional education, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix, which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan. The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer products. Industrial products, services, high value consumer products require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services. Definition of Feasibility Studies: A feasibility study looks at the viability of an idea with an emphasis on identifying potential problems and attempts to answer one main question: Will the idea work and should you proceed with it? Before you begin writing your business plan you need to identify how, where, and to whom you intend to sell a service or product. You also need to assess your competition and figure out how much money you need to start your business and keep it running until it is established. Feasibility studies address things like where and how the business will operate. They provide in-depth details about the business to determine if and how it can succeed, and serve as a valuable tool for developing a winning business plan. Important of the feasibility: The information you gather and present in your feasibility study will help you; List in detail all the things you need to make the business work; Identify logistical and other business-related problems and solutions; Develop marketing strategies to convince a bank or investor that your business is worth considering as an investment; Serve as a solid foundation for developing your business plan. Even if you have a great business idea you still have to find a cost-effective way to market and sell your products and services. This is especially important for store-front retail businesses where location could make or break your business. For example, most commercial space leases place restrictions on businesses that can have a dramatic impact on income. A lease may limit business hours/days, parking spaces, restrict the product or service you can offer, and in some cases, even limit the number of customers a business can receive each day. Description of the Business: The product or services to be offered and how they will be delivered. Market Feasibility: Includes a description of the industry, current market, anticipated future market potential, competition, sales projections, potential buyers, etc. Technical Feasibility: Details how you will deliver a product or service (i.e., materials, labor, transportation, where your business will be located, technology needed, etc.). Financial Feasibility: Projects how much start-up capital is needed, sources of capital, returns on investment, etc. Organizational Feasibility: Defines the legal and corporate structure of the business (may also include professional background information about the founders and what skills they can contribute to the business) Market Feasibility: Includes a description of the industry, current market, anticipated future market potential, competition, sales projections, potential buyers, etc. Discusses how the business can succeed. Be honest in your assessment because investors wont just look at your conclusions they will also look at the data and will question your conclusions if they are unrealistic. Feasibility studies contain comprehensive, detailed information about your business structure, your products and services, the market, logistics of how you will actually deliver a product or service, the resources you need to make the business run efficiently, as well as other information about the business. Marketing Feasibility Study: The purpose of the Marketing Feasibility Study is to determine the suitability of this property for profitable development, and to define optimal products and amenities in accordance with projected market demand, and to project sales absorption and annual revenues from development of this property. Things to Include in a market feasibility study include: Description of the Industry Current Market Analysis Competition Anticipated Future Market Potential Potential Buyers and Sources of Revenues Sales Projections NEED FOR THE STUDY: To know about marketing feasibility. To know what are elements covered in marketing feasibility of SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED. To identify how marketing feasibility impacts on the success of company. The basic need for the study is to known the consumer demand, through customer competition in the market and other environment factor, to observe the market relative to infrastructure service allowance terms of credit distribution mechanism system. the base needs for the study is to know the company position, company profile and customer satisfaction towards suzlon infrastructure service limited. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The study is mainly concentrates on wind turbine generators only. The present study has been taken to understand marketing feasibility towards wind turbine generators. The sample size was 50 customers only The study was undertaken only in Andhra Pradesh branches its scope of limited. The present study has been taken to understand the customer satisfaction towards suzlon infrastructure service limited in major places in Andhra Pradesh. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To know whether the companies have knowledge on renewable energy, are they knowing the benefits of wind turbine generator and to find there willingness to buy the product. To know the marketing feasibility of SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED To know the feasibility of selling wind turbine generator. To identify how the buyers response towards turbine generators in SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED. To observe the advertising methods whether those are suitable to SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED or not. To offer suggestions to the SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED related to improve the marketing feasibility. METHODOLOGY: RESEARCH DESIGN: The research design is mainly exploratory in nature as it involves researching the demand potential for the existing product. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA: The method for data collection was primarily by way of survey conducted in industries and big organization using an appropriate questionnaire. SECONDARY DATA: No secondary data is interpreted, since the survey its self enough to find the market potential. Since the product is not in the survey region and other region data will not suitable for a wind generator. SAMPLING METHODS: Sample size was required to be a size of 50 respondents in and around Hyderabad, Other districts of A.P. As the consumers were mainly industries and big organization consumers, method of convenient sampling was chosen. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The survey was conducted in and around of Hyderabad city and other states of A.P. Convenience sampling was used, which is non-probability sampling method Respondents were apprehensive and expressed reservation in giving information on the communication infrastructure and also on the future needs. Research was restricted to time limit. Time is the major constraints, which reduces the sample size. INDUSTRY PROFILE A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. It the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator. Wind machines were used for grinding grain in Persia as early as 200 B.C. This type of machine spread throughout the Islamic world and were introduced by Crusaders into Europe in the 13th century. By the 14th century Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine River delta. In Denmark by 1900 there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW. The first windmill for electricity production was built in Denmark in 1890. and in 1908 there were 72 wind-driven electric generators from 5 kW. The largest machines were on 24 m towers with four-bladed 23m diameter rotors. By the 1930s windmills were mainly used to generate electricity on farms, mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed. In this period, high tensile steel was cheap, and windmills were placed atop pre-fabricated open steel lattice towers. A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta, USSR in 1931. This was a 100 kW generator on a 30 m tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system. It was reported to have an annual load factor of 32 percent, not much different from current wind machines. In 1941 the worlds first megawatt-size wind turbine was connected to the local electrical distribution system on Grandpas Knob in Castleton, Vermont, USA. This 1.25 MW Smith-Putnam turbine operated for 1100 hours before a blade failed at a known weak point, which had not been reinforced due to war-time material shortages. In the 1940, the U.S. had a rural electrification project that killed the natural market for wind-generated power, since network power distribution provided a farm with more dependable usable energy for a given amount of capital investment. In the 1970s many people began to desire a self-style. Solar cells were too expensive for small-scale electrical generation, so practical people turned to windmills. At first they built ad-hoc designs using wood and automobile parts. Most people discovered that a reliable wind generator is a moderately complex engineering project, well beyond the ability of most romantics. Practical people began to search for and rebuild farm wind-generators from the 1930s. Jacobs wind generators were especially sought after. Later, in the 1980s, California provided tax rebates for ecologically harmless power. These rebates funded the first major use of wind power for utility electricity. These machines, gathered in large wind parks such as at Altamont pass would be considered small and un-economic by modern wind power development standard. In the 1990s, as aesthetics and durability became more important, turbines were placed a top steel or reinforced concrete towers. Small generators are connected to the tower on the ground, and then the tower is raised into position. Larger generators are hoisted into position atop the tower and there is a ladder or staircase inside the tower to allow technicians to reach and maintain the generator. Originally wind generators were built right next to where their power was needed. With the availability of long distance electric power transmission, wind generators are now often on wind farms in windy locations and huge ones are being built offshore, sometimes transmitting power back to land using high voltage submarine cable. Since wind turbines are a renewable means of generating electricity, they are being widely deployed, but their cost is often subsidized by taxpayers, either directly or through renewable energy credits. Much depends on the cost of alternative sources of electricity. Wind generator cost per unit. Power generation from wind has emerged as one of the most successful programmes in the renewable energy sector, and has started making meaningful contributions to the overall power requirements of some States. Energy is a major input for overall socio-economic development. Use of fossil fuels is expected to fuel the economic development process of a majority of the world population during the next two decades. However, at some time during the period 2020-2050, fossil fuels are likely to reach their maximum potential, and their price will become higher than other renewable energy options on account of increasingly constrained production and availability. Therefore, renewable are expected to play a key role in accelerating development and sustainable growth in the second half of the next century, accounting then to 50 to 60% of the total global energy supply. After the creation of a separate Ministry in 1992, special emphasis was given in the Eighth Plan to generation of grid quality power from renewable. The total installed capacity of power from renewables today stands at nearly 1350 MW with contribution from wind power of nearly 1000 MW. Wind power installations worldwide have crossed 8500 MW producing about 14 billion KWh of energy annually. A total capacity of about 5500 MW has been installed in Europe, 1700 MW in USA, and 992 MW in India. India is now the fourth largest wind power generator in the world after Germany, USA and Denmark. The State of the World 1998, a world-watch Institute Report on progress toward a sustainable society, released earlier this year, has noted that renewable energy production in the world is expanding rapidly. Wind generation is the fastest growing energy source in this decade and is expanding at 25% per year. The Report recognizes India as a new Wind Superpower. With declining trend of cost and increase in the scale of wind turbine manufacturing, wind promises to become a major power source globally in the first few decades of the new millennium. MNES (Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources) are implementing the worlds largest wind resource assessment programme, which forms the backbone of their wind exploitation efforts. Preliminary estimates indicate a potential of about 20,000 MW. Scientific surveys are being intensified to identify specific viable and potential sites. A recent study undertaken to re-assess the potential, places it at about 45,000 MW. Assuming a grid penetration of 20%, a technical potential of about 9,000 MW is already available for exploitation in the potential States. 160 sites have so far been identified in 13 States. Survey work is in progress in 24 States / UTs. The States of Rajasthan and West Bengal have also shown wind potential recently. Today, we have a wind power installed capacity of 992 MW in the country, out of which about 940 MW is accounted fo

The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery Essays -- Ameri

The Merging of Cultures During the New World Discovery The voyages of the Iberians marked history. The discovery of the new world meant the unification of two old worlds. These old worlds had different beliefs, attitudes, language, and values. The culture of these two worlds would never be the same. The native peoples of America at the end of the fifteenth century ranged from the simplest hunting-fishing-gathering societies to highly developed civilizations with urban and peasant components. In spite of these notable differences, they were alike in that they had all developed from the level of pre-bow-arrow hunters without significant contact with other regions. There high civilizations were based on agricultural and trading economies, with craft specialization, large cities, monumental architecture, elaborate politico-religious organizations, and dense populations. Soft metal was worked, writing was being developed, and the idea of the wheel was present in toys. Until the end of the fifteenth century, the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula were grouped in several politically autonomous units, resulting in significant cultural and social differences. These people shared the same basic cultural history through several millennia, during which time they were exposed to the basic innovations of Western Eurasia and North Africa. Phoenicians and Greeks brought civilization from the Eastern Mediterranean, and Neolithic farmers from Africa had been followed by Hallstat ironworkers from Europe. Six centuries of Roman domination gave the peninsula a common language, unified political control, widespread urbanization, and other forms and values of Rome. Agriculture, medicine, mathematics, and other forms of science was ... ...plague, measles, and many more, even the common cold. Bibliography Basso, Ellen B. THE KALAPALO INDIANS OF CENTRAL BRAZIL. New York: Holt 1973 Cespedes, Guillermo. LATIN AMERICA, THE EARLY YEARS. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1974 Diffie, Bailey W. LATIN AMERICAN CIVILIZATION. New york: Octagon 1967 Elliott, J.H. THE SPANISH WORLD. New York: Abrams 1991 Faron, Louis C. THE MAPUCHE INDIANS OF CHILE. Illinois: Waveland 1986 Foster, George M. CULTURE AND CONQUEST. Chicago: Quadrangle 1960 Morrison, Samuel Eliot. THE EUROPEAN DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. New York: Oxford University 1967 Parry, J.H. THE DISCOVERY OF SOUTH AMERICA. New York: Taplinger 1979 Reindrop, Reginald C. SPANISH AMERICAN CUSTOMS, CULTURE AND PERSONALITY. END OF A NEW WORLD. Films for the Humanities. A NEW WORLD IS BORN. Films for the Humanities.

Bead Bar E Commerce

Bead bar is a company which specializes in making beads jewellery for the customers. They have three divisions’ namely studios, franchises and bead bar on board. The E-Commerce site would enable all its customers and employees to collaborate evenly for synchronization of activities and operations. The customers get a chance to design their own jewellery using the beads of different dimension and nature so that it is completely custom-built and inline with their preferences. The employees in turn get all the proposed designs and contact customers for their info and other details.The e-commerce site would arrange for online payments and delivery of ones products safely with ease. E-Business for Bead Bar: Bead bar is expanding its wings in the market and wishes to capture the eyes of the customers at large. Building an e-commerce would make the Bead Bar stores to be in synchronization with resources and would be able to capture the essence of internet. Connecting all its stores a nd departments always forms a crucial portion for sharing information and quickening its operations.An intranet in place would facilitate all the connection of all its departments and divisions but would incur extra costs for getting the large bulk of customers all over the world. It is on a mission to cater its jewellery services to all and decided to make facility for online payments and delivery. The primary component is that the customers must be facilitated to make their own designs and are able to do that at anytime at their own convenience. They are provided with several options to pick and choose several options for making and designing their own product.Furthermore the site would be able to allow purchase options for the clients so that they can order their designed products and purchase it online. Delivery options are also facilitated at the site. Bead Bar can use e-business to market their website in other commercial sites for providing the customers with enough knowledge about their services and facilities it provides. It can cater to the entire world to fetch customers. Its online presence would create an anytime anywhere environment for accessing its services by the customers. Tracking the orders online and updating of inventories would be quite possible for Bead Bar.Time and effort would be capitalized for every customer and employee for making their operations planned, organized and decisive. The customer would also be freed from location dependent problems and Bead Bar in turn would create a world class facility for every customer giving them a feeling that the entire store is for them and they would get equal assistance and status in getting any services from the enterprise. Building an e-business also helps them to cater to large number of customers at the same time with no problems of call-waiting and poor support for orders.The online store would take that all relevant information is put up and make each customer feel that they own the sto re. Technology The technology required for the Bead Bar to become an e-business would require the creation of a website which would bring every resource in one page. The site must envelope all the company details and features which would provide enough background for every service the company is rendering and the striking features which make it unique in the internet marketplace in its own segment.The primary requirement is the creation of website which would include all the web technologies like HTML, DHTML, XML, ASP, JSP, PHP and may others. HTML and DHTML would be required to create the static and dynamic pages respectively. Other technologies like XML, JSP and others would be required for fetching data from a warehouse and provide dynamic updation of information. These are established standards for creating a website. Once the website details are figured out one requires figuring out the entities of the system, both internal and external entities, so that their association is ma pped.Once all the entities are found and decided upon, the properties of the entities are established, meaning their attributes which define the entities. Once the planning and analysis stage is done the association is mapped into a schema diagram and relations are normalized and then inputted into the database. A RDBMS such as DB2, Oracle, SYBASE or any other can be used to create the database. Connecting databases with the site is the next step where PHP and other technologies can be used. The Java technologies and other server technologies are used so that they facilitate making the online payments and delivery information’s (Cooke, 1997).The above discussed technologies would provide enough content to describe and market the company services and features. It would also facilitate necessary dynamic updations, make arrangements for designing their own jewellery and facilitate payment procedures and delivery options. Website traffic Website traffic is defined in the sense of generating clicks on the website and actions taken. It is also taken for the path traveled by the customers in the website. The following can be attributed for making the website traffic smooth and consistent:†¢ Creating publicity in other sites as flash images †¢ Giving promotion offers and discounts †¢ Offering seasonal packages in jewellery by experts †¢ Online support and chat facilities with the experts in design and organization †¢ Offering more options in custom design in terms of other related items and accessories Electronic payment capabilities The online payment capability for the Bead Bar is taken care well in the e-commerce site. The use of secure socket layer (SSL) technology is used for facilitating the secure means of payment and encryption of data.The use of secure connections would make sure that data is exchanged with ease and online databases must be adjusted well in accordance to handling credit card and other financial information of t he customers. Encryption The encryption of the information presented in the website and the handling of financial information for verification and payment is done through the use of encryption techniques so that it is not stolen in the process for malicious intent and the customer is also safe and has no worries for any misuse of information.The financial data is encrypted for changing their content when transferring them to other sites for checking purposes. All such personal data and preferences are also tracked and kept in an encrypted form so that they are not prone to changes or modifications. Conclusion The recommended technological suggestions would make Bead Bar to establish them well in the e-business and make sure customers’ and other agents maintain their level of trust.The usability features would make the site in accordance to the best of standards and make sure that every resource is captured and nurtured well. The web technologies would bring all the divisions of the company on the same page and synchronize all the activities and the life cycle efficiently function. References / Bibliography Cooke, M. (1997). Java e-commerce: technologies for distributed enterprise computing. Lynch, P. & Horton, S. (1999). Web Style Guide, Basic Design Principles for Creating Web Sites.

Ebp Evidence Based Practiced

Running head: EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE1 Evidence Based Practice San K. So Nevada State College EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE2 Abstract Evidence based practice is an important aspect of nursing and many other disciplines. It is needed to build upon and/or modify current practices. Evidence based practice has made hospitals and medical facilities nationwide use policies and procedures that closely match the guidelines suggested by certain research. For example, the use of foley catheters and the regulations for the use has been greatly modified due to research based data.The guidelines are used to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Evidence based practice also has influenced the use of certain treatments for premature babies and how nursing orientation is done. This article will touch upon many aspects that research and evidence based data has changed and/or improved, so patient care is maintained safely and effectively. Keywords: EBP (evidence based practice), CAUTI (cathe ter-associated urinary tract infections), JACHO (The Joint Commission), WHO (World Health Organization).SBAR (The Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 3 Evidence based practice (EBP) is an approach to healthcare wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible to make clinical decisions (Blais and Hayes, 2011). It involves complex and conscientious decision-making based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences.Evidence based practice involves many steps along the way and have influence hospital policies and procedures. For example, the use and maintenance of in-dwelling foley catheters has been research upon and new practices are suggested. The new research and data had many purposes, like increase patient safety; decrease catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and how nursing will maintain the catheters. In this paper we will exami ne the use of evidence-based practice in regards to catheter-associated urinary tract infections.In the hospital, there are appropriate indications for indwelling urethral catheter and if those indications are not present then the physician needs to prescribe alternative methods of urinary drainage. Some indications per hospital policy is patient requiring prolong immobilization, perioperative use for urologic surgery, anticipated prolong surgery and the need to monitor urine output during surgery, critically ill patients that require strict input and output monitoring, patients with urinary retention and to improve comfort at end of life care.Indwelling catheters are not to be used for convenience for the medical staff. Once an indwelling catheter is indicated, then there are guidelines to maintaining the catheter. Sterile technique needs to be use while inserting the catheter to prevent infection. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 4 As per policy nursing staff need to perform catheter care at least once a shift and as needed. The continuation reassessment of the indication needs to be done also. The catheter needs to be secured to the patient and the collection bag needs to be lower than bladder level.The collecting tube needs to be free of kinks and dependent loops. The collection bag should be emptied routinely. If the catheter has been in for three days or longer, the nurse should provide daily reminders to the physician recommending the removal of the foley catheter, unless it is still indicated. The nursing staff and medical team need to provide education to the patient and the family during the duration of the catheter. These guidelines closely match the recommendations noted on the National Guideline Clearinghouse website. The hospital nursing staff tries to follow these guidelines closely.Our hospital has a self-made monitoring sheet that helps the nurse and the charge nurse to monitor the indwelling catheter and ensure daily care and reassessments are done. T he sheet allows the charge nurse and on-coming nursing staff to closely monitor if the patient is at risk for CAUTI. If a patient does develop a fever and has an indwelling catheter, then urine samples are obtain to rule out infection related to the catheter. The guidelines closely match our current hospital policy, but re-analyzing the guideline would help fine tune many other aspects of the policy (Allen and Donohue and Gilmore, 2010).Along with Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, I also use other evidence-based techniques in my practice as a pediatric nurse. EBP shapes how we give report at the end of the shift. The Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation communication was developed from research, like the EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 5 one done in a northern Arizona hospital on the pediatrics/perinatal service department. The research was explained in the article, Collaborative Communication: Integrating SBAR to Improve Quality/Patie nt Safety Outcomes.Cynthia Beckett and Gayle Kipnis wrote the article explaining the importance and research supporting the use of SBAR during hand-off communication. This study surveyed nursing staff and physicians during and after the research. The integration of SBAR format helped this study achieve their two goals: increase effective communication and improvement of staff and patient satisfaction in care. As with the article, SBAR has made hand off communication to other nurses, physicians, and other discipline staff effective.The SBAR format paints a better picture of how the patient is doing and what is his current status. It also helps with further educating the staff. For example, when I am receiving report from a seasoned nurse and she recommends certain interventions, I am able to ask the needed questions to understand her recommendations; it provides an opportunity for a new nurse to learn the reasons behind certain interventions. EBP can be also applied to certain treatm ents over others. An example of such application is inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants.A study done at John Hopkins University Evidence-based Practice Center in 2010 was an attempt to review the evidence on the use of nitric oxide on infants born at or before thirty-four weeks gestation age and need to receive respiratory support. Treatment for acute respiratory failure usually contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or pulmonary hypertension. The purpose of this evidence report is to address if nitric oxide increase survival and/or reduce the occurrence of brochopulmonary dysplasia, are there short term EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 6 r long term risk in the therapy and if the effects of inhaled nitric oxide therapy on BPD. The data collected and information was based on medical research, like certain clinical trials and other researches on Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Studies, and PsycInfo databases. The information extract ed from these databases range from 2009 to 2010. The data collected was analyzed and the applied to the questions listed above. The results show that infants treated with nitric oxide did not decrease or increase the mortality rate in infants in the neonatal intensive care.There is inconclusive data regarding the short and long-term effects of inhaled nitric oxide. The research report does indicate there is no evidence that supports the use of inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants with BPD. This research report is significant for nursing because it provides further education of the nursing staff. If a nurse is well versed in current treatment and their effectiveness, then they can assist the care for the patient along with the physicians and respiratory therapist (Beckett and KIpnis, 2009). Another aspect of nursing that EBP can be applied, is on management level.We discussed how it is applied on skills and treatments, but now we are going to see how EBP can improve the management of the nursing profession. In What Is the Latest Evidence on Nursing Orientation, written by Mary Krugman, the author examines the idea of nursing orientation. Is there a magic number of hours that is most effective to convey information to the new hires and also keep the cost for the hospital within reasonable limits. The article reviewed literature on this topic written in the past five years, spanning from 2006 to 2011. They selected twenty-nine articles to review.The selected articles they were organized and summarized by graduate nurse orientation and EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 7 general orientation. The results showed that there was a gap in the general orientation versus graduate nurse orientation. There are many suggestion that professional development specialist should modify the traditional way of framing an orientation. There are studies that suggest that critical care nurse orientation should be provided to all levels of nursing. It becomes hard to challenge and keep the n ew hire engaged when all hospital orientation go over the same nursing concepts.The research implies that one must know your audience and modify the orientation as the day progresses. This article was not a study, but an implementation project. The ideas in the article would help the management and education team redesign how they orientate new hires. Sitting in a room and watching videos may not be the most effective way to organize nursing orientation. Integrating more hands on during orientation would better prepare new hires and new graduate nurses with the transition to the career. This idea would help make my hospital orientation become more interesting and engaging.The traditional way of orientation lack hands on and physically being on the unit. This would not really cost more than the classroom form of orientation. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 8 Summary Implementing evidence-based practice is a vital part of nursing and other professions. The application of the data from researc h and data collect help improve and modify all nursing aspects. It can shape certain practices done in the clinical setting, like how we maintain central venous lines, how we prevent catheter acquired urinary tract infections and as basic as hand hygiene.EBP also influence treatment options. Clinical data and or trials help provide new information on standard of care compared to new innovative treatment, as seen in the use of nitric oxide in preterm infants. We are able to compare the effectiveness treatment options to better serve the patient. EBP can also be used to improve nursing management. EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE 9 References Allen MC, Donohue P, Gilmore M, et al. Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2010 Oct. Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 195. ) Available from: http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK56325/ Beckett, C. , & Kipnis, G. , (2009). Collaborative Communication: Integrating SBAR to Impro ve Quality/Patient Safety Outcomes. Journal for Healthcare Quaility. 5(31), 19-28. Blais, K. , & Hayes, J. S. (2011). Professional nursing practice, concepts and perspectives. (6 ed. , p. 184-185). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Krugman, M. , (2011). What is the latest evidence on nursing orientation. Journal For Nurses in Staff Development. 27(6). 310-312.

CCTV and Crime Reduction

CCTV and Crime Reduction The Role of CCTV Surveillance Systems in Reducing Crime in Town Centres Introduction The use of closed – circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems to curtail burgeoning crime rates in the United Kingdom has resulted in the rapid proliferation of such systems in almost all town centres in the country, making it practically ubiquitous. This system was first established in Bournemouth town centre in 1985 and according to Armstrong and Norris (1999), following that 300000 cameras where installed annually (cited by Davies Thasen, 2000). Consequently, †¦the citizenry of the UK have become the most watched, catalogued and categorized people in the advanced world (Coleman, 2004, p. 3). The rapid proliferation of CCTV is largely on account of the faith reposed in its ability to reduce crime by the government and the majority of its citizens. In the words of Alun Michael, Minister of State: The advantages of CCTV, properly managed, speak for themselves: crime prevention, the deterrent effect of knowing that there is observation, the alerting of police at an early stage to stop dangerous situations escalating, the operational assistance to the police in sizing up a situation, the safer convictions that can be obtained – and, above all, the fact that peoples confidence is renewed, which has led to many town centres being revitalized (cited by Goold, 2004, p. 1). Despite such overwhelming enthusiasm, critics have pointed out that there is little concrete scientific evidence that proves the positive effect of CCTV surveillance systems in reducing crime. Therefore an evaluation of the exact role of CCTV in reducing crime in town centres is called for as it will provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing situation and help ascertain the future of such systems in the fight against crime. CCTV Surveillance Systems These systems usually consist of cameras with monitors and video recorders. The cameras may be fixed or they may literally have a roaming eye. Nowadays, cameras have sophisticated features like pan, tilt and zoom which may be used as per the need. Images may thus be captured and stored and retrieved anytime in the future. The quality of the equipment used is a chief determinant of efficiency and outcomes. It also follows that the more cameras are used the more security is afforded, as a larger area comes under scrutiny. Positioning is also important in providing maximum security. All these factors need to be taken under consideration while installing the CCTV surveillance system. The efficient working of these systems is subject to variations. Sometimes the cameras are allowed to do the job as everything will be recorded and particular incidents can be viewed based on the offences that have been perpetrated. At other times surveillance takes place round the clock and the monitored im ages are viewed constantly by hired staff or police operators. When incidents of crime are reported, police are able to rush to the scene as quickly as possible, and they will have access to pertinent information that will enable them to narrow down the list of suspects and give them a head start on the investigation. In this respect, Gill and Hemming (2006) stress the importance of planning and design for purposes of maximum efficiency. The positioning of the cameras is vital, and it should be such that it allows for maximum coverage of the area that is under surveillance. Due considerations must be given to lighting as otherwise, images are likely to be blurred and grainy making positive identification extremely difficult. The manner in which the system is operated also determines outcomes. Operators must be trained to extract the best possible results from such a system and the element of human fallibility must be taken into consideration and sufficient measures must be taken to counter it. CCTV and Crime CCTV came to be closely associated with crime following the infamous James Bulger murder case (cited by Goold, 2004; Newburn Hayman 2002; Coleman Norris, 2000). CCTV had captured images of the toddler being led away by ten – year olds Thompson and Venables and in the aftermath of the killing the images sent shockwaves rippling through the world and strengthened the position of CCTV as a crime fighting tool. The images did little to prevent the heinous crime but it did prove useful in identifying the perpetrators. For the first time government officials as well as the majority of the populace sensed that CCTV could be a powerful weapon against crime. And the muted arguments against its use on the grounds of civil liberty and a right to privacy were silenced. Before evaluating the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing crime, it is necessary to understand the theory behind its use. According to Weiss, one of the types of crime prevention has particular relevance with regard to the use of CCTV – Primary Crime Prevention is focussed on the offence rather than the offender, and is often associated with situational crime prevention strategies which focus on the immediate and localised context of the offence (cited by Coleman Norris, 2000, p. 146). This type of crime prevention is based on rational choice theory and assumes that the individuals most likely to commit crimes are the ones who believe that they can get away with it. Thus by employing CCTV, the confidence of aspiring criminals is shaken as they are cognizant of the fact that they may be apprehended or they may feel the   cameras are watching their every move , and are loathe to risk capture and consequently they may refrain from committing the crime. Criminal recklessness is r eplaced by fear. As Tilley (1993) puts it, CCTV could reduce crime by increasing the likelihood that present offenders will be caught, stopped, removed, punished and therefore deterred (cited by Gill Spriggs, 2005, p. 7). Thus when used in this particular context, CCTV seeks to reduce the opportunity to commit crime and thereby deter the potential criminal, by increasing the chances of getting caught. Situational prevention can also cause a reduction of crime, by means of diffusion of benefits. According to Clarke and Weisburd (1994), The term refers to the fact that situational prevention can often bring about reductions in crime beyond the immediate focus of the measures introduced (cited by Clarke, 2005, p. 52). This additional benefit was demonstrated with regard to the use of CCTV in a case described by Poyner (1991), where CCTV cameras used to prevent theft in the car park at the University of Surrey not only reduced theft in the three areas being monitored, but in one not under surveillance (cited by Clarke, 2005, p.52). Considerable publicity was generated for CCTV surveillance systems following the identification and successful capture of dangerous criminals. CCTV footage helped in the capture of two men who had planted a bomb outside the Harrod’s department store in London (cited by Coleman Norris, 2000, p.150). In another highly publicised case, another London bomber was identified using images captured on CCTV (cited by Norris, 2003, p. 260). These cases served as examples for other criminals and served to deter them to an extent. Because of the large – scale installation of CCTV in town – centres everywhere, more effort had to go into planning crimes and to escape the watchful eye of the camera. Moreover, people tended to be more cautious and stick to areas under surveillance in order to decrease their vulnerability as victims. People also started to feel more secure in their newly protected environments. All these factors served to deter criminals at least theoretically a nd offered a positive scope for reducing crime. The Effectiveness of CCTV in Reducing Crime The theoretical possibilities for CCTV as a means of reducing crime appeared optimistic, however with regard to practical application the use of CCTV has fallen far short of expectations. Brown conducted a study on the use of CCTV in the town centres of Newcastle, Birmingham and Kings Lynn. According to Goold (2004, p. 37), He â€Å"concluded that CCTV is generally much more effective at reducing property – related crime than it is at combating problems associated with anti – social behaviour and public order†. It must be conceded that CCTV does help the police in gathering evidence but as a deterrent to crime it is something of a failure. Hardened criminals can easily work their way around the surveillance, by simply altering their appearance, preventing the camera from getting a good shot of their face or relying on the operators to notice nothing untoward or suspicious. The latter is a good possibility as most operators find continuous monitoring of the screen s a monotonous and trying chore and are likely to be slipshod in their task. Thus Brown’s study is discouraging with regard to the use of CCTV in town centres as a means of reducing crime. While many have pointed to the use of CCTV as a means of providing security and a feeling of safety to citizens who fear the rising rates of crime, the role of CCTV in actually alleviating fear is questionable. In fact, contemporary studies have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that CCTV reduces fear of crime or crime itself (Gill Spriggs, 2005).   People who were unafraid in the first place are likely to report that they are not scared, while others continue to feel threatened. It may even have the counter effect of exacerbating fear and contributing to the waves of panic that often grip the populace, following particularly gruesome crimes. The cameras take on a menacing air as they stand tribute to the rising rates of crime and the perceived helplessness of the police. As Ellin (1996) puts it, increased CCTV surveillance can also contribute to accentuating fear by increasing paranoia and distrust among people (cited by Fyfe Bannister, 1998, p. 256). This perva sive atmosphere of paranoia and ill – feeling is itself conducive to crime as it serves to ferment   all the noxious elements that facilitate it. A study conducted in the town centre of Sutton by Sarno (1995) was initially encouraging (cited by Fyfe and Bannister, 1998, p. 262) as it showed a reduction in crime rate by 20 per cent in the two months following the installation of CCTV. But unfortunately it was revealed that crime had merely been displaced to areas that were not under surveillance. This finding is particularly disturbing as it seems to imply that CCTV surveillance systems merely give the impression of reducing crime, while indirectly leading to its increase under a false cover of security. While displacement is one of the problems that stems from the use of CCTV, it does not always occur and it can be countered by undertaking suitable measures. It is believed that CCTV surveillance is invaluable to the criminal investigator, as it is possible to identify perpetrators from the video footage. However the actual procedure is far more complicated and calls for plenty of man – power, entails hours and hours of sifting through multitudes of videotapes and finally careful analysis of the footage is called for before the identity of the criminal can be established. This is painstaking labour and often, owing to the amount of time that elapses in the course of the procedure, the criminal remains loose on the street, and is at liberty to wreak havoc on innocent citizens. Furthermore in recent times it has been determined that the cumbersome process of identification using CCTV is susceptible to error and inaccuracy. According to Davies and Thasen (2000, p. 412), a series of studies by Bruce and colleagues has reported high rates of failure to identify targets from CCTV footage. Consequently, convictions secured solely on the b asis of CCTV footage have been questioned. This was apparent in the case of R versus Church (1995), reported by Braman (1999), where   the accused was convicted on the strength of the physical resemblance between him and the suspect caught on tape. Experts in image processing were able to overturn the verdict during the appeal. At the retrial the experts for the prosecution once again succeeded in getting a conviction (cited by Davies Thasen, 2000, p. 424). Thus such legal wrangling reduces the credibility of CCTV in securing convictions and thereby reducing crime. Some studies pertaining to the role of CCTV in reducing crime have yielded positive results. Armitage et al (1999) found a sustained reduction of crime rates by 25 per cent   in Burnley; moreover, there was no sign of displacement (cited by Coleman Norris, 2000, p. 167).   Similarly Short and Ditton (1995) reported a 21 per cent decrease in crime at Airdrie and again there was no evidence of displacement (cited by Coleman Norris, 2000, p. 167). Studies such as these reveal that with proper implementation CCTV surveillance systems may prove to be effective in reducing crime. But in light of the majority of studies showing ambiguous or downright negative results, the role of CCTV in fighting crime remains questionable. While the effectiveness of CCTV in reducing crime in town centres may be deemed a failure, it remains a fact that CCTV surveillance is more effective under particular circumstances than in others. In general crimes which occur at the spur of the moment that are prompted by violent outbursts of passion or fuelled by excess alcohol are less likely to be reduced than crimes that are planned with any degree of precision. Consequently it is harder for this system to actually reduce violence but crimes such as theft may be deterred. According to Gill and Hemming (2006, p. 35), impulse crimes such as alcohol – related crimes were less likely to be reduced than premeditated crime such as theft. Violence against the person rose and theft of motor vehicles fell in the majority of projects. Thus there is scope for CCTV to serve effectively in the fight against crime, in certain contexts. Conclusion CCTV may not be able to reduce crime or even deter criminals; however it may used effectively to target specific offences. There is no doubt that it is a powerful and innovative weapon in the police arsenal and it may be employed to monitor town centres and help in controlling crime and upholding the letter of the law.

Government policies on citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Implication of implementing BIS in Abu Dhabi police department ..(ERP) Essay

Implication of implementing BIS in Abu Dhabi police department ..(ERP) enterprise resource planning - Essay Example These subsystems and the information they contain include: Traditional financial performance metrics provide information about the past performance of an organization but are not particularly suited for predicting future performance. By taking into account factors other than financial ones, the management of a company can convert the company’s strategy into practically achievable goals and assess how well the strategic plan is being carried out. An organization has to devise strategies and do careful planning before implementing ERP techniques. ERP helps to reduce costs and enhance the quality (efficiency) of working time. ERP techniques help maximize the value of technological advancements and align their utilization to the goals of the organization. For example, ERP enables a manager in the Sales Department to answer a customer query immediately by seeing the real-time status of the customer’s product delivery, which would not have been possible otherwise. ERP techniques have facilitated organizations’ ability to do away with tedious and time-consuming processes (Ptak & Schrgenheim,2003).Enterprise software is built around a large number of predefined business practices based on best practices. Best practices are the most successful solutions or methods of solving problems an organization uses for regularly and effectively achieving business goals. Enterprise systems help increase efficiency and help mangers make better decisions by providing them updated information from throughout the firm. It also helps form a more ‘customer-driven’ organization by facilitating faster responses to customer queries and requests for information. A variety of factors, such as globalization, rapid innovation, deregulation and technological advances, increasing competition and dynamic changes in the market, have forced many organizations to rethink how they can gain competitive